Energy in Cells Like the energizer rabbit, they keep going and going and going…

why do cells need Energy? Cells must have energy to make new molecules build and repair membranes and organelles maintaining homeostasis

Where does energy come from? THE MITOCHONDRIA!!!! Uses glucose to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) short term energy storage

what is atp? a nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups nucleotides are made up of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base ATP composition ribose sugar adenine base phosphate group of phosphoric acid (tail of 3)

How is energy released? to release energy, ATP is broken 1 phosphate is removed a water molecule is added - hydrolysis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turns into a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) contains only 2 phosphates

How does ATP and ADP cycle? phosphorylation - the process of combining ADP to a phosphate to make ATP ATP cannot be stored for later use ADP and P are constantly recombined for energy process is called the ATP - ADP cycle

How do plants get energy? photosynthesis - process by which some organisms capture the energy of sunlight to make food in the form of glucose most energy for life is gathered through photosynthesis

What can do photosynthesis? organisms that CAN CARRY OUT photosynthesis plants algae bacteria some protists whats one we have discussed?

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Where does photosynthesis happen? in organelles called chloroplasts contain pigments to absorb light energy main pigment is chlorophyll GREEN!

What are types of photosynthetic reactions? light dependent happens in light light independent happens in the absence of light

What are light dependent reactions? uses energy absorbed in chlorophyll to produce ATP and NADPH NADPH is another energy carrier both ATP and NADPH are used in light independent reactions

What are light independent reactions? called the Calvin cycle Calvin cycle - a series of reactions that form the simple sugar glucose from carbon dioxide and water cell uses ATP and NADPH to rearrange water and carbon dioxide to form glucose and oxygen

What is cellular respiration? cellular respiration - process by which cells release energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules releases energy from sugars, fats, amino acids, and nucleotides GLUCOSE is the most important

What are the parts of cellular respiration? Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm With or without O 2 Breaks glucose into 2 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate) Give electrons to NAD+ making NADH Citric acid/Kreb’s Cycle Occurs in mitochondria Cycle Produces more ATP and NADH Electron Transport Chain Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane Uses NADH to make NAD+ and energy from electrons Makes most ATP

What is anaerobic respiration? aerobic - process that requires oxygen anaerobic - process that does NOT require oxygen fermentation - process that enables cells to release energy in the absence of oxygen 2 important types lactic acid fermentation alcohol fermentation

What is fermentation? before fermentation, enzymes break down a glucose molecule, called glycolysis makes 2 molecules of pyruvic acid takes 2 ATP molecules occurs in the CYTOPLASM produces 4 ATP molecules

What is lactic acid fermentation? enzyme converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid most cells cannot use lactic acid and excrete it as waste used to make yogurt and cheese occurs in MUSCLE cells during strenuous exercise muscles produce a form of lactic acid called lactate

Resources for pictures

Resources

Resources for pictures ody_organ_diagram.htmlhttp:// ody_organ_diagram.html editor/attachment/red-blood-cells/ editor/attachment/red-blood-cells/ up.htmlhttp:// up.html sensory-systems.htmlhttp://fourthingsabout.blogspot.com/2011/06/nervous-and- sensory-systems.html r/cancer3.cfmhttp:// r/cancer3.cfm cardiac-muscle-cellshttp://heartmusclehealthcare.com/content/only-accept- cardiac-muscle-cells cfmhttp:// cfm research/differentiation-reporters/overviewhttp:// research/differentiation-reporters/overview christianity.com/man_created_from_speeding_sperm.htmhttp:// christianity.com/man_created_from_speeding_sperm.htm Cells.swfhttp://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/preloaderStem Cells.swf Rabitoy.aspx 08-Rabitoy.aspx hase.html hase.html ycle/mitosis.htm ycle/mitosis.htm rm-up.htm rm-up.htm

Resources qKkU6hREM:&imgrefurl= &w=387&h=262&ei=QLf_ULzTFovO0QHo3oGIBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1151&vpy=336&dur=398&hovh=156&hovw=220&tx=165&ty=122&sig= &page=1&tbnh=129&tbnw=171&start=0&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:169 rl= content/uploads/2012/03/ATP.jpg&w=761&h=402&ei=3bf_UKaGLYnB0QGJlYCIBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=332&dur=1013&hovh=163&hovw= 309&tx=169&ty=36&sig= &page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=262&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:168 url= E_files/image002.gif&w=289&h=289&ei=3bf_UKaGLYnB0QGJlYCIBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=346&vpy=428&dur=2045&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=11 7&ty=92&sig= &page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=140&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:192 :&imgrefurl= energy&docid=Ss3vl3zpHvnGSM&imgurl= media/images/unlocking-atp-energy/ eng-NZ/Unlocking-ATP- energy.jpg&w=750&h=500&ei=prn_UPn1FbSP0QG59IGADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=107&vpy=470&dur=1988&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=135&ty=11 8&sig= &page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=197&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:19,s:0,i:165 O_mM:&imgrefurl= oi_atp_adp.gif&w=477&h=262&ei=nLr_UJu6BKGa0QG_y4GABw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=180&vpy=292&dur=3124&hovh=166&hovw=303&tx=140&ty =119&sig= &page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=254&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:105 RmMM:&imgrefurl= photosynthesis.gif&w=400&h=357&ei=sLv_ULDRGNO20AGMzYGIBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=80&vpy=154&dur=888&hovh=212&hovw=238&tx=161& ty=128&sig= &page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:150

resources wfOGM&imgurl= KA0AHnqICYAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=335&sig= &page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:147&tx=142&ty=106 photosynthesis/&docid=EFSe8rRdNUMOuM&imgurl= &page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=139&start=32&ndsp=40&ved=1t:429,r:43,s:0,i:281&tx=50&ty= learning.blogspot.com/2010/10/chlorophyll.html&docid=JorJVmaUU2PbKM&imgurl= structure.jpg&w=373&h=348&ei=Fb7_UIuHA-7r0QHI14CICg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=236&sig= &page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=153&start=0&ndsp=31&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:205&tx=76&ty=101 =338&tx=106&ty=91&sig= &page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=282&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:136 ZhH_8VFmM:&imgrefurl= kzufYnta0M&imgurl= vw=290&tx=136&ty=16&sig= &page=1&tbnh=61&tbnw=290&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:195 index.cfm%3Fdefinition%3Dpyruvate&docid=DBsQtAym94zmhM&imgurl= px=150&vpy=171&dur=399&hovh=175&hovw=137&tx=77&ty=113&sig= &page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=97&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:150 (higher%2520level).htm&docid=5UJNInixGjDL4M&imgurl= (higher%252520level)_files/image022.gif&w=395&h=326&ei=1ML_UL3nJaLC0QGH8oDYDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=449&dur=5956&hovh=204&hovw=247&tx=117&ty=171&sig= &page =3&tbnh=144&tbnw=174&start=65&ndsp=35&ved=1t:429,r:65,s:0,i:334