 How do you think society would react if we found out that we weren’t alone in the universe? How do you think it would impact the following institutions? Religion Government Education Economy

 Soldier-explorers who settled in the Americas in hopes of finding treasure  Motivation – Gold, God, and Glory (3 G’s)  Inspired by Columbus to seek fortune in the New World  Came from Spain Extremadura  Poor soil, icy winters, hot summers  Little chance for wealth  Hernan Cortes was born here  NOTHING TO LOSE by taking a chance in the Americas

 Spanish Conquistador based in Cuba  Heard rumors of the riches of the Aztec Civilization in Mexico  Arrived on east coast in 1519 (1 Reed in Aztec calendar) 550 soldiers, 16 horses, 14 canons, and dogs

 Gains allies along way (tributary states of Aztecs)  Montezuma greets Cortes and his allies Gives him gifts; including gold Disease of the heart that only gold can cure  Tell Aztec they are part of Spanish Empire Stop sacrificing people Destruction of statues and construction of Christian statues Lost in translation  Take Montezuma hostage in own palace

 Cortes’ men attack Aztecs during religious festival Aztecs rebel and fight Spanish to the entrance of the palace  Cortes forces Montezuma to the balcony to have Aztecs give up fighting Refuses to speak but assistant speaks for him  Montezuma is killed Debate as to who killed him

 Spanish attempt to sneak out of Tenochtitlan Caught and many are killed Known to Spanish as the Sad Night

 Spanish take time to regroup Form several alliances Gain 75,000 soldiers  Construct boats to put on Lake Texcoco Put cannons on boats and bombard Tenochtitlan  Besiege the city Cut trade and starvation hits the city  Disease takes it toll on Aztec Smallpox  1521 – Tenochtitlan falls to the Spanish

 How could such a small force conquer a huge empire? Spanish technology and the use of horses Alliances with Aztec enemies and tributary states Disease  Smallpox killed more Aztecs than Spanish swords Prophecy of Quetzalcoatl  Delayed military response Malinche (mayan woman) interpreter who gave Cortez information on Aztecs and helped form alliances

 Born in Extremadura, Spain Illiterate Arrived in Americas seeking wealth  Francisco Pizarro landed in present day Panama in 1531  Spanish conquistador Heard rumors of a powerful Empire to the South (Inca)  Rich in Gold  Would return in 1532 to conquer the Inca 170 soldiers, 27 horses, and 1 cannon

 Civil War Atahualpa would defeat his brother for rule over the empire Weakened the Inca  Disease Smallpox had spread from Central America Spread to Inca before arrival of Pizarro Pizarro told the Inca that the Christian God is punishing them

 Raided Incan storehouses and fired guns to scare villagers  Incan emperor, Atahualpa, thought Pizarro was crazy How can he stand up to an army of 80,000?  1532 – Pizarro came up with a plan to trick the Inca

 Atahualpa invited Pizarro to a meeting  Atahualpa takes his army but doesn’t bring them to the meeting Brought 5,000 unarmed bodyguards  Pizarro demanded they convert to Christianity Atahualpa reportedly threw the Bible on the ground  Remember the Inca don’t have a written language Pizarro was insulted and gave the order to attack

 Atahualpa was captured and his officials were killed  Incan soldiers retreated Scared of guns, horses and cannon  Atahualpa offered enough gold to fill the room he was imprisoned in Twice that in silver

 Atahualpa fulfilled his promise but was executed  Incan rebellions were put down by the conquistadors Inca culture would remain strong in the forests and mountain sides.

 Spanish king made Pizarro the governor of Peru  Opened most of South America to Spanish rule  Spain controlled a vast territory covering 375,000 miles with almost 7 million inhabitants

Amerigo Vespucci, Magellan, Line of Demarcation

 1493: Ferdinand and Isabella went to the Pope Alexander VI for claim over the newly discovered lands.  The Pope set a line of Demarcation This divided the non-European world into two zones  Everything east of the line belonged to Portugal  Everything west of the line belonged to Spain

Contained the terms agreed upon between Spain and Portugal regarding the Line of Demarcation The line was unclear due to the lack of knowledge of geography at the time. Other European nations viewed the treaty with disgust and saw Spain and Portugal as being stuck-up.

 Wrote a journal describing his journey to Brazil  A German cartographer used Vespucci’s descriptions to construct a map.  Labeled the new region; America.

 1519: Magellan set sail with five ships in an attempt to find a sea route past the Americas and on to Asia.  1520: Magellan rounds the southern most tip of South America. Would come to be called the Straits of Magellan.

 He entered what he would name the Pacific; meaning peaceful Most of the crew wanted to return home but Magellan refused.  He wanted to push on to Asia.  4 months later they reached the Philippines.  5 years after the expedition began the survivors reached Spain.  The first to circumnavigate the world.