The Age of Imperialism and Nationalism Pre-WWI

What is Imperialism? The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country The seizure (takeover) of a country or territory by a stronger country The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Examples: The European Powers (The original five—plus the newbies, The Ottoman’s, USA, Japan…

Why Imperialism? Why did Imperialist do this? Why did Imperialist do this? Industrialization sparks the need for…: Industrialization sparks the need for…: Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Natural resources and raw materials Natural resources and raw materials New markets for products New markets for products Promotes a strong sense of Nationalism Promotes a strong sense of Nationalism Power and global position….the Imperialist nations are in direct competition with each other fueled by Nationalism. Power and global position….the Imperialist nations are in direct competition with each other fueled by Nationalism. Militarism is supported by Imperialism and in turn supports further Imperialism Militarism is supported by Imperialism and in turn supports further Imperialism

What is Nationalism? “A country is not merely a geographic territory. A country is also the idea given birth by the geographic territory. A country is a sense of love that unites, as one, all the sons and daughters of that geographic territory…” “A country is not merely a geographic territory. A country is also the idea given birth by the geographic territory. A country is a sense of love that unites, as one, all the sons and daughters of that geographic territory…” Nationalism than is supported by the loyalty of a people to their shared values, traditions in an established geographic region. Nationalism than is supported by the loyalty of a people to their shared values, traditions in an established geographic region.

Nationalism can foster Imperialism? Imperialist nation want to control all aspects of their colonies based on their sense of nationalism: Imperialist nation want to control all aspects of their colonies based on their sense of nationalism: These include These include Politics Politics Society Society Economy Economy Culture and customs Culture and customs

Types of Imperialism used by Imperialist nations Methods of Management Methods of Management Direct Control Direct Control Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture Indirect Control Indirect Control Limited self-rule for local governments Limited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial & local officials Legislative body includes colonial & local officials

Types of Imperialism Forms of Control Forms of Control Colony Colony Governed by a foreign power Governed by a foreign power Protectorate Protectorate Governs itself, but under outside control or influence Governs itself, but under outside control or influence Sphere of Influence Sphere of Influence Outside power controls investments & trading, thus controlling the economy and the politics Outside power controls investments & trading, thus controlling the economy and the politics Economic Imperialism Economic Imperialism Private business interests assert control Private business interests assert control

Scramble for Africa Africa Before European Dominion Africa Before European Dominion Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Africans controlled their own trade networks Africans controlled their own trade networks Europeans only had contact on African coasts Europeans only had contact on African coasts The journey into “Dark Africa” The journey into “Dark Africa”

The Scramble for Africa (cont) Nations compete for overseas empires Nations compete for overseas empires Europeans wanted more land Europeans wanted more land Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Africa was a mystery to many “Dark Africa” Africa was a mystery to many “Dark Africa” Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Humanitarians – “westernize” “modernize, the “savages” Humanitarians – “westernize” “modernize, the “savages”

The Scramble for Africa (cont) Forces Driving Imperialism Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiority Belief in European superiority Paternalistic Imperialism…”The White Man’s Burden” Paternalistic Imperialism…”The White Man’s Burden” Racism Racism Social Darwinism Social Darwinism Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiority European technological superiority European Militarism and competition European Militarism and competition New medicines could prevent diseases New medicines could prevent diseases

The Division of Africa The Berlin Conference (1884) The Berlin Conference (1884) Europeans leaders divide Africa Europeans leaders divide Africa No African ruler invited No African ruler invited Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups By 1914 – Only independent nations By 1914 – Only independent nations Liberia Liberia Ethiopia Ethiopia The colonization of Africa The colonization of Africa was complete…Zimbabwe would be the last colony to gain independence after WWII, (England)

According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa? How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

South Africa Three Groups Clash for Power Three Groups Clash for Power Africans Africans Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation lost to British in 1887 Zulu nation lost to British in 1887 Boers (farmer in Dutch) Boers (farmer in Dutch) Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s Also known as Afrikaners Also known as Afrikaners British British Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference

Boer War Fought between the Boers and the British Fought between the Boers and the British Many Africans fought with the Boers Many Africans fought with the Boers First example of “total war” civilians targeted. First example of “total war” civilians targeted. British win in 1910 British win in 1910 Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule) Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

Legacy of Imperialism Negative Effects Negative Effects Africans lose land and independence Africans lose land and independence Many lives are lost Many lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdown Traditional cultures breakdown Borders est. in Africa creates problems that continue today Borders est. in Africa creates problems that continue today Positive Effects Positive Effects Reduces local fighting Reduces local fighting Sanitation improves Sanitation improves Hospitals and schools created Hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth to some parts of the continent….depends on which country was in control… Technology brings economic growth to some parts of the continent….depends on which country was in control…

III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands The Ottoman Empire Loses Power The Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Empire begins to decline in 1566 Death of Suleyman I Death of Suleyman I Modernization movements are unsuccessful Modernization movements are unsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independence Greece and Serbia gain independence European Powers gain Ottoman lands in the Middle East, beginning a long Western involvement… European Powers gain Ottoman lands in the Middle East, beginning a long Western involvement… Ottomans will loss control of North Africa, Europeans (French & English) replace….Muslim North Africa is a legacy today Ottomans will loss control of North Africa, Europeans (French & English) replace….Muslim North Africa is a legacy today

Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, supported by Britain France Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, supported by Britain France Russia seeks Ottoman land Russia seeks Ottoman land Access to a warm-water port on the Black Sea Access to a warm-water port on the Black Sea Russia loses war….but Russia loses war….but The Ottomans are shown to be weak The Ottomans are shown to be weak Begins a continual down-ward spiral of the Ottoman Turks, ending in WWI’s defeat and the elimination of the Ottoman Empire. Begins a continual down-ward spiral of the Ottoman Turks, ending in WWI’s defeat and the elimination of the Ottoman Empire.

Europeans Grab Territory England gains control of: England gains control of: India – natural resources India – natural resources Suez Canal – international trade Suez Canal – international trade Part of Persia – oil and tobacco Part of Persia – oil and tobacco Russia gains control of: Russia gains control of: Part of Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Part of Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Afghanistan – oil and trade routes Afghanistan – oil and trade routes

The Suez Canal

IV. British Imperialism in India British Expand Control over India British Expand Control over India East India Company East India Company Controls India thru economic imperialism Controls India thru economic imperialism Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” India was seen as the most important colony India was seen as the most important colony Due to its production of raw materials Due to its production of raw materials Known as the “Jewel in the Crown” Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

Effects of British Rule Impact of Colonialism Impact of Colonialism Railroads move cash crops and goods faster Railroads move cash crops and goods faster British control political and economic power British control political and economic power Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Britain sought to “modernize” India Britain sought to “modernize” India

The Sepoy Mutiny or Rebellion Indians Rebel Indians Rebel Sepoy’s refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons Sepoy’s refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat Considered unclean by Muslims Considered unclean by Muslims Many Sepoy’s were jailed, others rebelled with violence Many Sepoy’s were jailed, others rebelled with violence British put down the rebellion throughout India British put down the rebellion throughout India Results Results Britain takes direct control of India Britain takes direct control of India Increased distrust between Indians and British Increased distrust between Indians and British

Nationalism in India (Self- Determination) Call for reforms Call for reforms India adopts modernization movements India adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western ways Many Indians adopt western ways Religious Issues Remain Religious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) Called for independence from Britain and self- determination Called for independence from Britain and self- determination Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within India

Imperialism in Southeast Asia European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore Britain – Malaysia, Burmia, and Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) Why? Why? Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture Excellent for plantation agriculture

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Results Results Modernization helps the European businesses Modernization helps the European businesses Education, health, and sanitation improves Education, health, and sanitation improves Millions migrate to find work Millions migrate to find work Racial and religious clashes increase Racial and religious clashes increase

England’s Empire Grows

V. Imperialism in China and Japan China vs. The West China vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for trade China was self-sufficient – no need for trade China kept a favorable balance of trade China kept a favorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balance Europeans were able to shift the balance Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Opium War ( )– China vs. Britain Opium War ( )– China vs. Britain China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Chinese power over the West ends Chinese power over the West ends

China vs. The West Foreign Influence Grows Foreign Influence Grows Growing Spheres of Influence Growing Spheres of Influence A Surge in Chinese Nationalism A Surge in Chinese Nationalism Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign priviledge Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign priviledge Beginnings of Reform Beginnings of Reform China tried to become more western China tried to become more western Further added to internal problems Further added to internal problems

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in Japan Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries

Imperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth Japan gained Russian territory Japan gained Russian territory Russia forced out of Korea Russia forced out of Korea Japan Controls Korea Japan Controls Korea Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Begins a period of extreme oppression Begins a period of extreme oppression

Imperialism and Nationalism