Chapter 7 Section 2 Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?

Ethnicities into Nationalities  Rise of nationalities  Nation-states  Nationalism  Multinational states  Former Soviet Union  Russia  Turmoil in the Caucasus  Revival of ethnic identity  Ethnicity and communism  Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

Nationality  This is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.  These people tend to have shared traits  Again, there is overlap with race and ethnicity

Nationality  A nation or nationality ties people together because of legal status and cultural tradition  The common cultural values and heritage is similar to that of an ethnicity

Nationality in the USA  In the US, nationality and ethnicity are fairly easy to separate  Every citizen is an American (their nationality)  Every American is also considered a member of a race  Not every American is identified with an ethnicity  Some countries are very different on this.

Nationality vs. Ethnicity  Both are defined through shared cultural values. Differences Cultural values shared of people of the same ethnicity often derive from the same religion, values and material culture, whereas those shared with others from the same nationality derive from voting, obtaining a passport, and performing civic duties

Nationality in the USA  In some countries, there is more tension between or among ethnicities and there may be more nationalities represented  A nationality can also be a group of people who want a country but do not have a country (i.e. Palestinians)

Ethnic Groups into Nationality Groups Ethnic groups have been transformed into nationalities because desire for self-rule is a very important shared attitude for many of them. To preserve and enhance distinctive cultural characteristics, ethnicities seek to govern themselves without interference.

The right to a nation- Self-Determination  The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is known as self-determination.

During the nineteenth and twentieth century, political leaders have generally supported the right of self- determination for many ethnicities and have attempted to organize Earth’s surface into a collection of nation-states. Yet despite continuing attempts to create nation-states, the territory of a state rarely corresponds precisely to the territory occupied by an ethnicity.

 A nation state is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

19 th- 20 th Century Europe  Transformed ethnicities into nationalities  Italy was united  Germany was united  Western Europe was nation-states by around 1900  Eastern Europe was harder to divide up based on nationalities  WWI saw new boundaries drawn there  The Germans pushed unification of the German-speaking parts of Europe in the 1930s  Led to WWII

Denmark- No perfect nation-states  Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the political boundaries of Denmark  Danes share cultural characteristics going back over 1000 years  Speak Danish  The southern boundary with Germany, however, Schleswig-Holstein, is an example of an issue  It was part of Denmark, but Germany took it in the 1800s  After German defeat in WWI, North Schleswig voted to rejoin Denmark (some Germans in Denmark and some Danes in Germany)

Denmark

Denmark- No perfect nation-states  Denmark also controls the Faeroe Islands- most people there are a distinct ethnic group  Denmark also controls Greenland- only 13 percent are Danish out of 57,000  The others are mostly Inuits  the Greenlanders have more local control now

Nationalism  Loyalty to the nation  Exalts one nation over others

Nationalism  Pushed by citizens  Pushed by governments  Often lots of propaganda  Mass media helps spread this  Symbols, seals, flags, uniforms, etc…

Mass Media  Used to foster nationalism  Reaches many people at once  More effective today than ever  Time-space convergence contributes to this

Symbols  Flags, seals, songs, etc. bolster national pride

Why Nationalism is good: Centripetal Force  Means “directed towards the center”  Opposite of centrifugal- which separates people  Nationalism is an example of centripetal force because it unifies people to the state and binds them together

How Nationalism is bad: Causes hate and wars  Nationalism can cause hatred directed at other nationalities and in extreme cases can result in warfare

Multi-ethnic states  Differing ethnicities contribute to a common nationality  Examples are Belgium (Flemish and Walloons) or Bosnia

Multinational states  Made up of different nations to form one state  An example is the United Kingdom, as it contains England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland

The Former Soviet Union  Multi-national state until its collapse in the early 1990s  Had 15 republics divided up based by the 15 largest ethnicities  Less numerous ethnic groups did not get their own republics  The Soviet Union gave birth to 15 independent countries when the USSR fell

The Former Soviet Union  15 countries  3 Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania  3 European: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine  5 Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan  3 Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia  1 Russia

Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

Baltic  Lithuania: 83% are Lithuanians (a pretty good example of a nation-state (Russian 6%)  Estonia: 68% Estonian (Russians 26%)  Latvia: 58% Latvians (Russians 30%)

European  Belarus: 81% Belrusians  Moldova: 78% Moldovans (close to Romanians)  Ukraine: 78% Ukrainians  Russians, Belrusians, and Ukrainians have a lot of common culture and blend somewhat ethnically  Russians and Ukrainians have competed for land (particularly the Crimean Peninsula)  A smaller ethnic group- the Tatars- who were deported to central Asia during WWII for German sympathy- have been returning to the Crimean Peninsula

Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

New Central Asian States  Turkmenistan: 85% Turkmen (4% Russian)  Uzbekistan: 80% Uzbek (6% Russian)  Mostly Muslims who speak an Altaic language  There are Turkmen in Turkmenistan and Russia  There are Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzebekistan  Ethnicities split in more than one country

New Central Asian States  Kyrgyzstan: 65% Kyrgyz (14% Uzbek, 13% Russian)  Kyrgyz resent Russians for getting the best farmland- ethnic troubles and Muslims versus Orthodox Christians  Kazakhstan: 53% Kazakh (30% Russian)- large territory  Prone to ethnic conflict  Muslims versus Orthodox Christians  Tajikistan: 79% Tajik (15% Uzbek, 1% Russian)- civil strife from Muslim fundamentalists siding with Western- oriented intellectuals versus Tajiks (15% homeless/displaced because of the fighting)

Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

Russia  Largest country in the world  39 nationalities recognized within its political boundaries  Many want independence and nation-status of their own  20% of the country is non-Russian  Main clusterings are along borders with neighboring states- Buryats and Tuvinian near Mongolia and Chechen, Dagestan, Kabradin, and Ossetian hear Azerbaijan and Georgia- and in the center of Russia (Bashkirs, Chuvash, and Tatars)

Ethnic Groups in Russia Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

Russia  Many groups want independence  The current Russia is less willing to use an iron fist to keep them in line, although incidents have occurred  Chechens are particularly adamant  They are mostly Sunni Muslims speaking a Caucasian language and have a very distinct culture binding them  Chechnya was brought under Russian control in the 1800s after a 50 year fight  After the USSR broke up, Chechnya declared their independence but Russians ignored this declaration and sent in the military.

Russia  Fought hard to keep Chechnya  Good petroleum reserves there too  Thought it would set a precedent  Wanted to promote stability  Lots of resentment in that land

Russian Soldiers in Chechnya The Russian army has occupied and destroyed much of Chechnya in suppressing Chechen rebel groups.

Turmoil in the Caucasus  Around the size of Colorado  Between the Black and Caspian Seas  Named after the Caucasus Mountains separating Russia from Azerbaijan and Georgia  Home to many ethnicities  Under the Soviet Union, it was unified  After the break-up, long-simmering conflicts erupted  Most ethnicities want their own sovereign nation-states  Abkhazians, Chechens, Ingush, and Ossetians  Also have Kurds and Russians

Turmoil in the Caucasus  Azeris (Azerbaijanis) 91% of Azerbaijan  16 million of them live in Iran though (24% of Iran’s population)  Armenians 98% of Armenia- most homogenous state  Fight amongst each other, Azeris and Armenians, over land boundary claims since around 1988  Georgians 84% of Georgia (7% Azeri, 6% Armenian, 2% Russian, 3% Abkhazian, Ajar, and Ossetian)  Diversity led to unrest- mostly Ossetians versus Abkhazians

Ethnicities in the Caucasus Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

Revival of Ethnic Identity Worldwide  Nationality seemed to dominate in the first half of the 20 th century  Ethnicity is making a comeback  This is true of Europe and worldwide  After communism has fallen, ethnicity is pushing nation- states  Communism had repressed ethnicity in favor of pushing nationalism in those countries  1990s- Yugoslavia: Slovenia was carved out to form Slovenia (93% Slovenes)