Literature gives order to human experience. Literature explores cultural values Literature explores cultural values Literature demands an emotional.response from the reader Like a great journey, literature can show you things you have never seen before and will never forget

Short story The short story is a literary genre It is usually fictional narrative prose and tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction, such as novels

Origins Short stories date back to the oral storytelling traditions which originally produced epics

Modern short stories Modern short stories emerged as their own Modern short stories emerged as their own genre in the early 19 th century. sEarly example of a short story include. 1824–1826 Fairy Tales Grimm BrothersGrimmBrothers

In the later part of the 19 th century, the growth of print magazines and journals created a strong market demand for short fiction between 3000 and words un length. In the first half of the 20 th century, a number of high-profile magazines published short stories in each issue.

The demand for short stories by print magazines hit its peak in the middle of the 20 th century. Since then, the number of commercial magazines that published short stories has declined. Short stories have recently found a new life online- when they can be found in online magazines.

Elements and characteristics Elements and characteristics Setting the time and location in which a story takes place There are several aspects of a story’s setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story : There are several aspects of a story’s setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story : - geographical location Place - ? Where is the action of the story taking place ? Where is the action of the story taking place historical period, time of day, year, etc Time - ?When is the story taking place historical period, time of day, year, etc Time - ?When is the story taking place ?Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc eather conditionsW ?Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc eather conditionsW Social conditions What’s the daily life of the chracter’s like? Does the story contain local colour? (mannerisms, customs etc.) contain local colour? (mannerisms, customs etc.) Mood or atmosphere – What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? Mood or atmosphere – What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? (bright & cheerful, dark & frightening?)

Elements and characteristics The plot is how the author arranges events The plot is how the author arranges events to develop his basic idea. It is the sequence of events in a story. The plot is planned, logical series of events having a beginning, middle and end.

Elements and characteristics Five essential parts of plot * Introduction - the beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed. * Introduction - the beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed. * Rising Action This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax). * Climax This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?

Elements and characteristics * Falling action - The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and denouement). * Denouement - This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.

Elements and characteristics CONFLICT - It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident CONFLICT - It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move. (Conflict is essential to plot. Without conflict there is no plot. ) There are two types of conflict: External - A struggle with a force outside one's self. Internal - A struggle within one's self; a person must make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc.

Elements and characteristics There are four kinds of conflict: Man vs. Man (physical) - The leading character struggles with his physical strength against other men, forces of nature, or animals. - rcumstances. ciMan vs - rcumstances. ciMan vs fate, or circumstances he leading character struggles againstT fate, or circumstances he leading character struggles againstT Of life facing him/ her.. Man vs. Society - The leading character struggles against ideas,. or customs of other peoplepractices, Man vs. Himself/Herself – The leading character struggles against himself/herself, with his/her own soul, ideas of right & wrong, physical limitations. choices etc.

Elements and characteristics CHARACTER - word characterhere are two meanings for theT * The person in a work of fiction * The characteristics of a person

Persons in a work of fiction – Antagonist and Protagonist Short stories use few characters. - the PROTAGONIST. One character is clearly central to the story - the PROTAGONIST. The opposer of the main character is called the ANTAGONIST. The opposer of the main character is called the ANTAGONIST.

The Characteristics of a Person - Characterization is the information the author gives the reader about the characters themselves. The author may reveal a character in several ways: His/her physical appearance What he/she says, thinks.feels and dreams What he/she does or does not do What others say about him/her and how others react to him/her. they are: Characters are convincing if consistant, motivated and life-like.

Characters are... Individual – Individual – round, many sided & complex personalities – Developing – dynamic, many sided personalities that change, for better or worse,by the end of the story. Static – stereotype, have one or two characteristics that never change and are emphasized.

Elements and characteristics POINT OF VIEW - ngle from which the story is tol the a d:ngle from which the story is tol the a Innocent Eye Stream of Consciousness First Person tmniscieno Omniscient Limited Omniscient Objective

- Innocent Eye The story is told through the eyes of a child - Stream of Consciousness - Stream of Consciousness The story is told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their s.thoughts and reaction First Person The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts with him/her closely..The reader sees the story through this person's eyes t mniscieno The author moves from character to character, event to event,having free access to the thoughts, feelings, motivations of his characters and he inttroduces information where and when he chooses.

Omniscient Limited. We know only what The author tells the story in third person (using pronouns they, he she it). We know only what the character knows and what the authoe allows him/her to tell us. Omniscient Objective. The author tells the story in the third person. It appears as though a camera is following the characters, going anywhere, and recording only what is seen and heard. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. The reader has to interpret events on his own.

Elements and characteristics THEME The theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or.its central insight It is the author's underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey. The theme may be the author's thoughts about a topic.or view of human nature. The title of the short story usually points to what the writer is saying.

symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony. symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.