Affiliation wanting to be with others. levels of explanation genetic physiological learning cognitive social.

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Presentation transcript:

affiliation wanting to be with others

levels of explanation genetic physiological learning cognitive social

genetic wired-in affiliation caused by other genetic factors

physiological dependent when born need everything late adulthood

learning reinforced by others –food, warmth, comfort, attention, games punished when alone –hungry, cold, uncomfortable

cognitive expect rewards when with others understand their roles

social comparison theory leon festinger evaluate by comparison learn by comparison compare to similar others compare when uncertain

predictions fear and uncertainty make afraid and uncertain increase affiliation

experiment more afraid or less afraid expect electric shock mild or painful wait alone or with others

results more afraid more affiliation

affiliate with whom? theory says similar others comparing with them more helpful too different tells you little

similar others others waiting for study others waiting for another study wait alone or together when afraid, prefer together but only with similar others

individual differences birth order first borns more external psychotherapy - not alcohol not fighter pilots

first borns and affiliation when afraid, first borns rely more on social comparison compare first and later borns effects mainly for first borns

WHAT MAKES IT SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF DATA

DESCRIBE METHOD IN DETAIL DATA IS RECORDED CAREFULLY

UNSYSTEMATIC? UNREPRESENTATIVE BIASED NOTICING OR MEMORY BIASED PERCEPTION CANNOT BE REPEATED EXACTLY

SYSTEMATIC REMOVES BIASES CAN BE EVALUATED CAN BE REPEATED

METHODS OF RESEARCH

WAYS OF COLLECTING DATA OBSERVATION ASKING BEHAVIOR ARCHIVE

TYPES OF RESEARCH OBSERVATIONAL - DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL

OBSERVATIONAL ANIMAL BEHAVIOR MAINLY DESCRIBE RATES AND TYPES OF BEHAVIOR NOT CAUSATION

CORRELATIONAL WHAT GOES WITH WHAT? A GOES WITH B

POSITIVE CORRELATION

NEGATIVE CORRELATION

NO CORRELATION

TV VIOLENCE AGGRESSION AGGRESSION TV VIOLENCE TV VIOLENCE FACTOR C AGGRESSION

FACTOR C???? AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY LATCHKEY KIDS, SINGLE PARENTS AGGRESSIVE PARENTS ????

EXPERIMENTS TWO OR MORE CONDITIONS PREFERABLY QUITE SIMILAR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE(S) DEPENDENT VARIABLE (S) RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

WHY SO GREAT? CAUSALITY