Chapter 20 America enters World War II America enters World War II

Converting the Economy  The U.S. had to quickly convert their manufacturing from peace time to war materials  Cost-plus contracts--gov’t agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the cost as profit  The U.S. had to quickly convert their manufacturing from peace time to war materials  Cost-plus contracts--gov’t agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the cost as profit

From Peace to War Industry  Reconstruaction Finance Corp.--a government agency set up during the depression made loans to companies to help them cover the cost of converting to war production  By the summer of 1942, almost all major industries and some 200,000 companies had converted to war production  Reconstruaction Finance Corp.--a government agency set up during the depression made loans to companies to help them cover the cost of converting to war production  By the summer of 1942, almost all major industries and some 200,000 companies had converted to war production

War Production  Cars-Tanks--Automobile factories produced jeeps, tanks, artillery rifles, mines, helmets, cooking pots, etc.  Liberty Ships--main cargo ship used during war; welded not riveted which made them cheaper and faster to build  Cars-Tanks--Automobile factories produced jeeps, tanks, artillery rifles, mines, helmets, cooking pots, etc.  Liberty Ships--main cargo ship used during war; welded not riveted which made them cheaper and faster to build

Building an Army  Selective Service and Training Act--a plan for the 1st peacetime draft in American history  At the start of the war, the U.S. military was completely segregated  Selective Service and Training Act--a plan for the 1st peacetime draft in American history  At the start of the war, the U.S. military was completely segregated

Who’s Who in the US Military in WWII  Omar Bradley—American general and field commander in America’s campaign in West Africa and Europe  Dwight Eisenhower—Supreme commander of Allied forces in the European theater  George Patton—”Old Blood and Guts”; controversial commander of American forces in North Africa  Omar Bradley—American general and field commander in America’s campaign in West Africa and Europe  Dwight Eisenhower—Supreme commander of Allied forces in the European theater  George Patton—”Old Blood and Guts”; controversial commander of American forces in North Africa

African Americans in the Army  White recruits did not train alongside African Americans who had completely separate facilities  African American units were given white commanders  Military leaders wanted to keep them out of combat; construction and supply unit  Tuskegee Airmen--African American air squadron; decorated for valor  White recruits did not train alongside African Americans who had completely separate facilities  African American units were given white commanders  Military leaders wanted to keep them out of combat; construction and supply unit  Tuskegee Airmen--African American air squadron; decorated for valor

Vernon J. Baker  Vernon Baker was a highly decorated soldier and the only living black WWII veteran to earn the Congressional Medal of Honor

Flying Tigers  The 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942,  It was composed of pilots from the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC), Navy (USN), and Marine Corps (USMC), recruited under presidential authority  The 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942,  It was composed of pilots from the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC), Navy (USN), and Marine Corps (USMC), recruited under presidential authority

Navajo Code Talkers  A group of Navajo soldiers who were able to create an unbreakable code to transmit messages during the war.  Basing their code on their own Navajo language prevented code breakers from breaking their code  A group of Navajo soldiers who were able to create an unbreakable code to transmit messages during the war.  Basing their code on their own Navajo language prevented code breakers from breaking their code

Women in the Armed Forces  Women’s Army Corps (1942)--women 1st allowed in the military  Coast Guard, Navy, and Marines then followed suit  Also, 68,000 women served in the army and navy as nurses  Women’s Army Corps (1942)--women 1st allowed in the military  Coast Guard, Navy, and Marines then followed suit  Also, 68,000 women served in the army and navy as nurses

Fall of the Philippines  A few hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack US bases in Philippines  Outnumbered, American forces under Douglas MacArthur were forced to retreat  Bataan Death March--April 9, 1942, Americans defending Bataan were forced to surrender; Nearly 78, 000 prisoners of war were forced to march to a Japanese prison camp; thousands died  A few hours after they bombed Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack US bases in Philippines  Outnumbered, American forces under Douglas MacArthur were forced to retreat  Bataan Death March--April 9, 1942, Americans defending Bataan were forced to surrender; Nearly 78, 000 prisoners of war were forced to march to a Japanese prison camp; thousands died

Battle of Midway  Turning point of the war in the Pacific  The Japanese had lost 4 of its largest aircraft carriers  Just 6 months after Pearl Harbor, the US had stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific  American Commander Admiral Chester Nimitz  Turning point of the war in the Pacific  The Japanese had lost 4 of its largest aircraft carriers  Just 6 months after Pearl Harbor, the US had stopped the Japanese advance in the Pacific  American Commander Admiral Chester Nimitz

Battle of the Atlantic  German submarines were preventing American cargo ships from delivering war materials  Americans began using convoy system-- navy ships escorted cargo ships  New technology such as radar, sonar, and depth charges helps Allies sink German submarines  German submarines were preventing American cargo ships from delivering war materials  Americans began using convoy system-- navy ships escorted cargo ships  New technology such as radar, sonar, and depth charges helps Allies sink German submarines

Stalingrad  Hitler tried to invade the Soviet Union.  The Soviets kicked their behinds  This was the turning point that put the German forces on the defensive  Hitler tried to invade the Soviet Union.  The Soviets kicked their behinds  This was the turning point that put the German forces on the defensive

Women at Home  Labor shortages at home forced factories to recruit women to do industrial jobs that traditionally had been reserved for men  Rosie the Riveter--symbol for the campaign to hire women  Labor shortages at home forced factories to recruit women to do industrial jobs that traditionally had been reserved for men  Rosie the Riveter--symbol for the campaign to hire women

African Americans in the Workplace  Factories resisted hiring African Americans  A. Philip Randolph began to organize railroad workers to strike  President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 which made it illegal to discriminate against employing anyone on the basis of race  Factories resisted hiring African Americans  A. Philip Randolph began to organize railroad workers to strike  President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 which made it illegal to discriminate against employing anyone on the basis of race

Mexicans during the war  Bracero program--over 200,000 Mexicans were brought to the US to help harvest crops

Japanese Americans Relocated  Fears that Japanese Americans would become spies for Japan, lead the US the incarcerate them in relocation camps.  Executive Order 9066  Korematsu v. US  Supreme Court ruled Japanese internment was Constitutional  Fears that Japanese Americans would become spies for Japan, lead the US the incarcerate them in relocation camps.  Executive Order 9066  Korematsu v. US  Supreme Court ruled Japanese internment was Constitutional

Daily Life on the Homefront  The Office of Price administration regulated wages and the price of farm products  The demand for materials to make war products lead to rationing  People planted their own victory gardens  Americans bought bonds  The Office of Price administration regulated wages and the price of farm products  The demand for materials to make war products lead to rationing  People planted their own victory gardens  Americans bought bonds

Office of War Information  To attract U.S. citizens to jobs in support of the war effort, the government created the Office of War Information (OWI) on June 13, 1942, some six months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.  OWI photographers documented American life and culture by showing aircraft factories, members of the armed forces, and women in the workforce.  Using propaganda (photographs and captions with emotional content), the OWI aimed to inspire patriotic fervor in the American public.  To attract U.S. citizens to jobs in support of the war effort, the government created the Office of War Information (OWI) on June 13, 1942, some six months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.  OWI photographers documented American life and culture by showing aircraft factories, members of the armed forces, and women in the workforce.  Using propaganda (photographs and captions with emotional content), the OWI aimed to inspire patriotic fervor in the American public.

Meeting in Tehran  Roosevelt and Churchill met with Stalin and planned an invasion of France to defeat Germany (Operation Overlord)

D-Day  The day of the Allied invasion of France (6/6/1944)  Marines stormed the beaches in Normandy, France and incurred heavy losses  The Allies won a major victory here  Made war a two-front war (European Theater and Pacific Theater)  The day of the Allied invasion of France (6/6/1944)  Marines stormed the beaches in Normandy, France and incurred heavy losses  The Allies won a major victory here  Made war a two-front war (European Theater and Pacific Theater)

Island Hopping  Policy of the Americans to go from island to island in the Pacific, capturing important Japanese island bases  Islands included Tarawa, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima  Policy of the Americans to go from island to island in the Pacific, capturing important Japanese island bases  Islands included Tarawa, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima

America Wins!  V-E Day (Victory in Europe)--May 7, Germany surrenders  Dropping of the Atomic Bomb (Manhattan Project) on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ordered by Pres. Truman (Roosevelt died)  V-J Day (Victory over Japan)--August 15, 1945  V-E Day (Victory in Europe)--May 7, Germany surrenders  Dropping of the Atomic Bomb (Manhattan Project) on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ordered by Pres. Truman (Roosevelt died)  V-J Day (Victory over Japan)--August 15, 1945

The End of WW II