MORE OR LESS EQUAL? Geography slideshow A Supported by:

GEOGRAPHY 1 Where in the world?

WHAT IS YOUNG LIVES? Young Lives is an international research project looking at how poverty is affecting young people’s lives. It is led by a team in the Department of International Development at the University of Oxford in the UK. Researchers have followed the lives of 12,000 young people in four different countries – Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam – for 15 years, from 2000 to 2015.

WHERE IN THE WORLD? UK Peru Viet Nam Ethiopia India Can you locate the UK, Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam on a world map?

WHAT DOES INEQUALITY MEAN? We can think of inequality as the difference between the things some groups of people have compared with other groups of people. It is a bit like looking at how a big a slice of cake one person has compared with another.

INEQUALITY BETWEEN COUNTRIES There is inequality between countries in the world. This means things are not shared fairly between countries. For example, some countries are wealthy while others are extremely poor.

INEQUALITY WITHIN COUNTRIES There is also inequality within countries. This means things are not shared fairly within the same country. For example, some people may have more money than others.

THINKING ABOUT INEQUALITY Inequality is not just about how money is shared between and within countries. There can also be inequality in the kinds of opportunities people have in life.

GEOGRAPHY 2 Between-country gaps

The Young Lives researchers have collected a lot of data in each of the four countries to find out about the quality of life for these young people and how it is changing. WHAT IS YOUNG LIVES?

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? Development can be viewed as the process through which a place becomes better in some way. ‘Developed’ countries are often viewed as those that have better standards of living than ‘less developed’ countries.

Average income per person Access to water Life expectancy Infant mortality rate Access to electricity Primary school enrolment MEASURING DEVELOPMENT

Gender equality Number of doctors per 1,000 people CO 2 emissions Internet users Mobile phone subscriptions Percentage living in extreme poverty MEASURING DEVELOPMENT

TIME TO THINK Which indicator do you think is the best measure of development and why? What problems do you think there might be in using some of these development indicators? What do you think would be best, to use just one development indicator or a range of different ones? Why do you think this? What patterns and relationships do you think there might be between these different development indicators? How might you test your predictions?

DEVELOPMENT TRUMPS How do these development indicators vary between the different countries? Does any of the data surprise you? Which data and why? What between-country gaps do you notice? Which country do you think is the most ‘developed’ and why? Which country do you think is the least ‘developed’ and why? Which of the four Young Lives countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam) do you think is the most ‘developed’/least ‘developed’? How does the UK compare with them?

WEALTH INEQUALITY

IndicatorEthiopiaIndiaPeruViet NamUK Population (millions)971, Life expectancy at birth (years) GDP per capita (current US$)5651,5966,5512,05245,603 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Access to improved water source (% of total population) Access to improved sanitation facilities (% of total population) Access to electricity (% of total population) Mobile phone subscriptions (per 100 people) Internet users (per 100 people) Rural population (% of total population) Urban population (% of total population) Primary school enrolment (% of relevant age group) Living in extreme poverty (% of total population) No data

GEOGRAPHY 3 Mapping inequalities

THINKING ABOUT WHERE I LIVE What is your locality like? Is it rural or urban? How much green space is there? What types of amenities are near where you live? How far do you live from school? Where is your nearest shop? How far do you live from the nearest health centre or doctor’s surgery? What and where are the best places to visit with your friends? What and where are the ‘eyesores’ (places in your locality that you don’t like)?

Netsa Ethiopia

Tufa Ethiopia

Sarada India

Salman India

Elmer Peru

Eva Peru

Hung Viet Nam

H’Mai Viet Nam

EthiopiaTufa

India Salman

Peru Elmer

Viet NamHung

TIME TAKEN TO GET TO AMENITIES Average time it takes young people to get to school (to the nearest minute) Average time it takes young people to get to nearest public hospital (to the nearest minute) Average time it takes young people to get to nearest private hospital (to the nearest minute) Ethiopia – urban community (Netsa) 1610No data available Ethiopia – rural community (Tufa) 2490No hospital accessible India – urban community (Salman) India – rural community (Sarada) 1960 Peru – urban community (Elmer) 1160 Peru – rural community (Eva) 2230 Viet Nam – peri-urban community (Hung) 1220No data available Viet Nam – rural community (H’Mai) 23No hospital accessible