環工所 陳緻紘 Water Quality 2014/06/19

 Turbidity, color, solid  pH, conductivity  Alkalinity, hardness  Chlorine  DO, BOD, COD  Nitrogen  Phosphorus OUTLINE 2

The purposes of measuring turbidity in water treatment plant. The unit of turbidity (NTU); how to define NTU? How to measure turbidity? The principles of turbidimetry and nephelometry? Which one would you choose for analyzing very dilute sample? Colloid ? The characteristic of colloid? How to remove turbidity from raw water? 3 Turbidity

Apparent color? True color? The components (sources) of true color? How to measure color? The unit of color? How to remove color from raw water? 4 Color

The definition of solid? Three classification ? MLVSS? The relationship among TS, SS, DS, FS, VS. How to measure? What’s the application for solid data in WWTP? (EX: how to remove solid from raw water with high SS/TS ratio?) SVI? The application of SVI? (if SVI >200, what’s wrong?) TS & turbidity; DS & conductivity & hardness. 5 Solid

The importance of pH in water supply/ WWTP process. What’s the pH of 0.1M H 3 PO 4 ? (assume in 25 ℃, pKa= 2.16, 7.2, for H 3 PO 4, H 2 PO 4 -, HPO 4 2- respectively) For pH meter, what kind of solution you choose for storing glass electrode. Why? 6 pH

What is conductivity? The propose? Unit? The relationship between resistance and conductance. For fresh diH 2 O, Ks=0.5 – 2 S/cm; few weeks later Ks=2-4 S/cm, why? 7 conductivity

Definition of alkalinity. Importance? Main sources (ions) of alk. / hardness How to measure it ? Unit? Why weak acids/bases could act as buffers? Draw the pH-acid titration diagram, and explain. Phenolphthalein and total alkalinity? Carbonate and noncarbonate hardness? What’s the shortage of high hardness water? How to remove hardness? If alk=200 mg CaCO3/L and Hard=250 mg CaCO3/L, what’s the value of carbonate hardness? 8 Alk. and Harndness

The purpose for chlorination? Comparing the following disinfection reagents: UV, ozone, and chlorine (Pros & cons) Free chlorine? Combine chlorine? List three examples for each one and range them by their disinfection ability. What’s residual chlorine? Breakpoint Chlorination? Draw a diagram and explain. When pH increase/decrease, the demand of chlorine increase /decrease? Why? 9 Chlorine

The environmental significance of DO. Give three factors that affect the solubility of oxygen. For Winkler method, give three kinds of interference and explain the reason. The principle of oxygen determination by Winkler method. DO sag curve? 10 DO

Compare BOD and COD, include definition, principle, time, advantage, limit (shortage) Generally, which is higher of BOD and COD value, why? What’s CBOD and NBOD, draw a graph and explain. A sample with BOD 5 =150 mg/L, and the biological rate constant k’=0.15 d -1, what’s the ultimate BOD (ignore nitrification)? A food waste water contained 200 mg/L Glucose, the result of BOD test is shown in the table, the dilution factor is 50, what’s the BOD5 and COD? 11 BOD & COD DO (mg/L)SampleBlank Day 07.5 Day

Give three examples for nitrogen problem in environments. When organic nitrogen entering river, please draw a graph and describe the N forms changes with time. What is the difference comparing Org. N in sewage system? TKN? How to analyze? Describe the process of nitrification, including the types of microbes, and explain why carbonate is essential in nitrification process. Describe the process of denitrification, include the environment and carbon source. 12 Nitrogen

Give three sources for phosphorus in Cheng-Kung Lake. Give three examples for the usage of phosphorus by human. What’s the three main forms of phosphorus in municipal wastewater? Which one is the demonian? How to remove P by biological process? How to remove P by chemical process? How to measure total phosphate in the water? 13 Phosphorus

A process of enrichment of nutrients, mainly phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, which result in excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants. Oligotrophic( 貧養 ), Mesotrophic( 普養 ), Eutrophic( 優養 ), Hypertrophic( 超優養 ) Indicators: Carlson’s TSI 14 Eutrophication ( 補充 ) Secchi Depth(m)Total P ( μ g/L)Chlorophyll a ( μ g/L) Oligo>4<12<2.6 Meso2 – 412 – – 7.2 Eutro<2>24>7.2

TSI(SD)= ln(SD) TSI(TP)=14.42ln(TP)+4.15 TSI(CHL)=9.81ln(Chl-a)+30.6 TSI=[TSI(SD)+TSI(TP)+TSI(CHL)]/3 15 Carlson’s TSI ( 補充 ) TSI Oligo<40 Meso40 – 50 Eutro>50 Secchi disk ( 沙奇盤 ) southernsportsmanaquaticsandland.com