MATURE FIELDS LTRO CAPABILITY POWERED BY POSEIDON A LEAP ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

POSEIDON™ is an innovative solution developed for complex, high well count mature oil and gas fields. POSEIDON™ Modules: POSEIDON™ DATASCAN POSEIDON™ ALLOCATION POSEIDON™ ANALYTICS POSEIDON™ REMAINING OIL POSEIDON™ PREDICTION

DATA INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT PRODUCTION FORECASTING Why Locate The Remaining Oil (LTRO) workflow? A low-cost effective solution for accelerated identification of opportunities Problem statement: Large number of wells (100+), 30+ years of production, multiple zones, displacement mechanism (gas, water), data reliability issues Generate remaining oil maps, opportunity database of BCO (behind casing opportunities), Infill and re-perforation, complete with an assessment of geology, production allocation issue. DATA INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT ZONAL ALLOCATION REMAINING OIL MAPS OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION PRODUCTION FORECASTING 6-10 weeks turn-around time Cost and time effective solution

Traditional Analytical methods Compliant Remaining Oil Mapping A significant step up from traditional analytical methods Locating and quantifying remaining oil pools without full physics simulation Traditional Analytical methods STATIC MODEL REALISATIONS STOIIP - bubble map Material Balance Compliant Mapping Methods INNOVATION SPACE Applicable for a fields with edge aquifer and/or gas cap are the main driving mechanisms, defined thinner flow units, penetrations/perforation across full reservoir section ROCM Remaining Oil Compliant Mapping Fully Diffuse or Mixed-segregated 3 phase saturation mapping methods REMAINING OIL POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Suitable for fields with thick reservoir units, bottom drive water and/or gas cap expansion Limited penetration/perforation configuration Full static-dynamic HM cycle STATIC MODEL DYNAMIC HISTORY MATCHED MODEL REALISATIONS REALISATIONS

A significant acceleration to identify by-passed oil A case study with a giant, complex oil and gas field in Malaysia. Top 3 largest oil and gas field in Malaysia, oil rim with large gas caps and aquifer of varying strength. 30+ years of production, depletion mechanism combination of gas cap expansion, gas-re-injection and aquifer influx. High heterogeneity (1-1000’s mD range) ~300 production and injection wells, 150 historically active strings at L15-16 level Initial Mobile Oil Thickness Map B.M. Baruah & K. S. Cheng: ”Water Injection in Brown Field: Never Too Late”, Offshore Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur- Malaysia, March 2014. Permeability distribution (mD) Legacy model from incoming operator upon transition: 500k active cells, study dated 2012-2013 (2 years)

Time to generate matching remaining oil maps with 100+ wells? POSEIDON vs. Commercial Simulator Validation of STOIP distribution evolution using simulator matched results as a complex synthetic dataset (~150 active oil producers & gas injectors) Time Step: 2 4 1 3 POSEIDON TM SIMULATOR Time to generate matching remaining oil maps with 100+ wells? <1 week 3-9+ months STOIP (scm) Low High

>80% accuracy achieved in less than 10% of the time POSEIDON vs. Commercial Simulator Comparison of expected target volumes allows to quantify the accuracy of the RCOM mapping to 80+% accuracy in a complex simulation scenario Last Time Step POSEIDON TM SIMULATOR Area 2 Area 2 >80% accuracy achieved in less than 10% of the time Area 1 Area 1 Area 3 Area 3 Area 5 Area 5 Area 4 Area 4 Experience. Expertise. Technology

Experience. Expertise. Technology Commercial Simulator How accurate are the simulation results with complex mature fields ? Field Level HM Quality Well Level Experience. Expertise. Technology

Experience. Expertise. Technology POSEIDON REMAINING OIL COMPLIANT MAPPING Excellent match quality achieved to the synthetic production and volumes in place – RCOM allows to achieve a combined match of local saturations and overall volume distribution Water Saturation Gas Saturation STOIP, GIP & Ave Sw STOIP Cross Plot GIP Cross Plot Achieving convincing matches across range of local and global objective functions Experience. Expertise. Technology

POSEIDON – Remaining Oil Compliant Mapping How does it work? Production Data Remaining Oil Maps Next Time Step Fractional Flow Inversion Saturation at wells is inverted from production data based on each well’s fractional flow. Simulation Fractional Flow Matching ROCM ENGINE Stream Velocity Calculation Material Balance SEARCH ENGINE Saturation MaPpING Dynamic Stream velocity map is generated based on sinks-sources interactions ( injectors, producers, aquifer influx ) Geology Incorporation of geological understanding (porosity, perm trends, channels, etc) in determining preferred flow paths Simultaneously, running flow paths-based saturation mapping engine while optimising matches of fractional flows and volumes Experience. Expertise. Technology

POSEIDON ROCM Illustration of saturation mapping iteration search X(Cell) Sw Injector I Well W Water saturation (Sw) Cross section, Time-step N Sw Map Time-step N Sw profile Time-step N+1 Sw area map Time-step N+1 I W X(Cell) Sw Saturation known at producer Saturation known at injector Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration n MATCH !

Reservoir Management & FRMR Process Current Practice vs ROCM Mapping In absence of history-matched dynamic models… a step change for Reservoir Management Build bubble maps overlaying STOIIP density with current or last known production status (Oil Rate, GOR, WCT…) OR Utilize the ROCM mapping engine in POSEIDON The PROBLEM For most mature complex fields, there is no continuously updated simulation model for all reservoir units – so the ‘ideal solution isn’t available’ Spatial identification and volumetric quantification of reservoir remaining potential not straightforward with classical maps and current/last know production status (GOR, WCT, Oil Rate) The BENEFIT… Average saturation maps obtainable vs. time and at last known production, compliant to well fractional flow and material balance Remaining Oil and mobile oil in place, target identification based on multiple criteria Rapidly update the portfolio of opportunities, inclusive of Behind Casing Opportunity (BCO), Infill and Idle well rejuvenation

PREDICTION AND FORECASTING How to improve the reliability of prediction of future activities POSEIDON™ ANALYTICS Develop a machine-learning based prediction of past well and reservoir performance Generate a robust predictive model, complete with uncertainty assessment

Predicting EUR per well in mature field Creaming curves vs Predictive analytics Traditional creaming curve Predictive analytics with ROCM access Colours = grouping based on STOIIP (at 1989 – initial resource density) Used to improve fitting quality Access to time-step maps of remaining oil, saturation etc.. Experience. Expertise. Technology

Experience. Expertise. Technology Predicting EUR per well in mature field Creaming curves vs Predictive analytics in the specific project example showing hoe the model can be tuned to improve predictability R^2 = 0.7 Clear improvement of predictability of recent, lower EUR wells Experience. Expertise. Technology

Experience. Expertise. Technology Predictive analysis – methodology Leveraging the timestep-based remaining oil assessment for predictive analytics Without these, the prediction is much poorer Initial state geological properties ROCM Maps and associated properties: So, Sw, MOIP Maturity, production time, pressure 𝐸𝑈𝑅=𝑓(𝑆𝑜,𝑆𝑤, 𝑀𝑂𝐼𝑃, …,𝐾𝐻, 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦,…) Parameterized EUR function utilizes production maturity, geology and dynamic arrays from ROCM. Parameterized EUR function contains set of fitting parameters which is trained and tested on historical training dataset. Experience. Expertise. Technology

Infill and Behind-Casing opportunity quantification Leveraging the timestep-based remaining oil assessment for predictive analytics, POSEIDON generates estimated production characteristics of future activities, based on historical performance Initial state geological properties ROCM Maps and associated properties: So, Sw, MOIP Maturity, production time, pressure Automated Infills quantification Automated BCO identification Automated BCO quantification List of BCO opportunities Quantified volume within the estimated drainage area Estimated production Other static parameters Experience. Expertise. Technology

PROPERTY TRENDS UNCERTAINTY PRODUCTION ALLOCATION UNCERTAINTY ALLOCATION PROCESS ALLOCATION DATASETS ALTERNATIVE PROPERTY MAPS AND ASSOCIATED VOLUMES A SET OF SCENARIOS ROCK-FLUID PROPERTIES RELATIVE PERMEABILITY FRACTIONAL FLOW PVT UNCERTAINTIES IN PLACE VOLUMES UNCERTAINTIES SCENARIOS OUTPUT – OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT UNCERTAINTY & RISK MANAGEMENT POSEIDON allows the user to perform a multi scenario runs to investigate the impact of allocation, geology and rock-fluid properties to generate a risk profile for each identified LTRO opportunity

DATA INTEGRITY SCANNING What if data is poor… POSEIDON™ DATASCAN Allows to screen and identify production data inconsistencies, and provides tool for possible repair

Production Data Quality Screening Leveraging POSEIDON™ DATASCAN CONFIGURATION DATASET SCAN QUALITY MAP & REPORT TREND REPAIRS DSI toolbox helps engineer to fill in missing data based on other source of data or a trend that engineer is comfortable. DSI configuration A flat WCT over 6 months Sudden change in WCT Data Issues Flags & Repairs CONFIGURATION 70 validators in 4 set: Data quality Trend behavior Allocation & Events Prod./Inj. leakage DATASET SCAN To check inconsistency between imported data Erroneous and/or missing data Unrealistic trends QUALITY MAP & REPORT Individual & combined validator quality map DataScan Index (DSI) mapping Automated report TREND REPAIRS DSI toolbox helps to repair missing data Criticality reports

DSI validators and results Generation of ‘suspect’ data heat-map Available as total DSI and individual validators Allows to focus attention on critical wells and groups of wells

ZONAL ALLOCATION What if allocation is uncertain? POSEIDON™ ALLOCATION Develop multi-phase zonal allocation scenarios that incorporate all available static, dynamic and surveillance information

Experience. Expertise. Technology POSEIDON – Comingling Analysis Allowing Better Understanding of Allocation Field Cum Oil, MMstb Field Commingled Cum Oil, MMstb Well-1 Well-4 Experience. Expertise. Technology

POSEIDON – Production Allocation Product of associate research with Petronas Research Group (PRSB) HIGH-RESOLUTION PRODUCTION ALLOCATION POSEIDONTM carries out a multi-phase allocation by fully integrating a pseudo-steady state rate formulation with fractional flow modelling. Permeability profiles at the well and production logs are included in the allocation process. By precisely evaluating the phase allocation uncertainty for each well and layers, the optimum reservoir surveillance program can be determined. Stochastic solution search Commingled production assessment Alternative Allocation scenario generation KHP KH MPA Experience. Expertise. Technology

flow-unit CONSTRAINTS POSEIDON – High Resolution Production Allocation Determination of solutions at the well-layer level and recombination of layer-levels Data setup Events qa/qc Allocation scenarios Surveillance data Pressure, plt, rst MPA MPA MPA WELL-LAYER SOLUTIONS Flow unit recombination flow-unit CONSTRAINTS Solution clustering Dimensionality reduction Experience. Expertise. Technology

Automated reporting Customized templates and formats Automated time-efficient process Customized for specific activities and client processes Different formats available – MS Word, Power Point, Excel FRMR/IRFMP slidepack preparation (customized template for client requirements) Automated reports generation BCO and Infills summary tables export Experience. Expertise. Technology

LTRO & POSEIDON GLOBAL EXPERIENCE ROMANIA Balaria 500+wells ROMANIA Vata 750wells THAILAND JASMINE FIELD 20+ wells MALAYSIA, West Lutong LTRO (2013) OMAN Jahwah BCO study AUSTRALIA Due Diligence Applications Accelerated LTRO (2014) MALAYSIA Seligi LTRO and WI studies LEAP Energy offices Company poseidon experience Staff worldwide experience

Waterflood efficiency & LTRO Experience. Expertise. Technology

Understanding field sweep patterns Total production bubble map Sweep efficiency Geology clearly evidenced by production behaviour Watercut bubble map Water Saturation Experience. Expertise. Technology

POSEIDON™ REMAINING OIL POSEIDON™ DATASCAN DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT POSEIDON™ PREDICTION DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND FORECASTING Areas with poor DATA QUALITY Ensure activities are prioritised consistently and according to historical performance. Applying adequate risking. Generate automated analysis of data quality using pre-defined validators POSEIDON™ ALLOCATION ADVANCED PRODUCTION ALLOCATION POSEIDON™ REMAINING OIL REMAINING OIL COMPLIANT MAPPING Innovative multi-phase, pressure compliant allocation tool. Integrates static and dynamic property model and workover/intervention history. Fractional Flow and material balance compliant saturation or contact mapping POSEIDON™ ANALYTICS INTEGRATED RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE SCREENING Rapidly understand where and what the opportunities are over a large field. Deploying a systematic screening process. Quantify the degree of interaction between wells to optimise alternative waterflood patterns

MATURE FIELDS RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT REVOLUTION POWERED BY POSEIDON A LEAP ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM