Officer-Involved Shootings A Five-Year Study Officer-Involved Shootings A Five-Year Study San Francisco Police Department San Francisco Police Department Presented by Commander Daniel J. Mahoney Presented by Commander Daniel J. Mahoney

There is no greater responsibility placed on members of law enforcement than the authority to use lethal force in the line of duty.

Purpose Examine the current “Investigative Process” from start to finish Examine the current “Investigative Process” from start to finish Determine if it is the most efficient, effective and transparent model Determine if it is the most efficient, effective and transparent model Identify what we are doing well Identify what we are doing well Identify ways to improve the process Identify ways to improve the process Identify policy, procedure and training needs Identify policy, procedure and training needs Not to re-examine or re-analyze propriety of any studied OIS Not to re-examine or re-analyze propriety of any studied OIS

Scope & Methodology Scope: 1/1/2005 to 8/27/2009 Scope: 1/1/2005 to 8/27/2009 – Change in definition of OIS – 8 - fatal, 7- non-fatal Involved: Diverse group of subject matter experts (SMEs) from multiple disciplines Involved: Diverse group of subject matter experts (SMEs) from multiple disciplines Approach: Examine any factor that may have played a role in the OIS Approach: Examine any factor that may have played a role in the OIS Method: Analyze factors present during the pre-event, event and post-event Method: Analyze factors present during the pre-event, event and post-event

Findings 1.Gap in Less Lethal Force Options: CED’s (e.g. Tasers) 2.Risk vs. Results of Shooting at Moving Vehicles 3.Improved Shooting Scene Management 4.Better Coordination of Investigations 5.Focus on Employee Assistance 6.Expanded Mental Health Training 7.Ongoing Community Outreach

Shootings per Population

Officers per Population

Context of Study Period 15 shootings involving 26 SFPD officers During same period... During same period million calls for service 6.1 million calls for service 150K arrests 150K arrests 83K felony 83K felony 67K misdemeanor 67K misdemeanor 5,600 firearms seized 5,600 firearms seized Only one OIS for every Only one OIS for every 408,000 contacts 408,000 contacts 10,000 arrests 10,000 arrests

Subject Ethnicity & Age Subject Number in Group Age Range RaceGender Lowest Age Highest Age Average Age BlackMale WhiteMale HispanicMale Pacific Island Male WhiteFemale Total15

Subject Arrests Number of Subjects Total Arrests Total: Average Misdemeanor Arrests per Subject 12 Number of Subjects Total Arrests Total: Average Felony Arrests per Subject 15

Subject Status Probation Status Number of Subjects Yes7 No8 Total15 3-Strikes Eligible Number of Subjects Yes5 No10 Total15 Active Warrant Type Number of Subjects Felony3 Misdemeanor1 None11 Total15

Mental Health in SF SF population in psychiatric treatment 40,000 (5% of SF) SF law enforcement psych holds annually 6,000 (16 per day)

Substance Abuse & The Mentally Ill 55% of cases of alcohol dependence had at least one mental disorder 55% of cases of alcohol dependence had at least one mental disorder 69% of the cases of drug dependence had at least one mental disorder 69% of the cases of drug dependence had at least one mental disorder 34% of the mentally ill had a substance abuse issue 34% of the mentally ill had a substance abuse issue - National Co-morbidity Study (Reiger, et. al., 1990)

Mental Health Factors 5 of the 15 OIS’s had indications of mental health issues 5 of the 15 OIS’s had indications of mental health issues 4 of the 5 had a fatal outcome 4 of the 5 had a fatal outcome Factors suggesting “suicide by cop” were present in the 4 fatal ones Factors suggesting “suicide by cop” were present in the 4 fatal ones Other studies show our officers spend 10% of their workday dealing with mentally ill persons Other studies show our officers spend 10% of their workday dealing with mentally ill persons

Subject Toxicology

Drug Use of Subjects

“Suicide by Cop” An incident in which an individual engages in behavior which poses an apparent risk of serious injury or death, with the intent to precipitate the use of deadly force by law enforcement personnel. - POST 1999

OIS # “Suicide by Cop” Indication Prior to Shooting Outcome 5 Subject told officers he would not to be taken into custody alive and that plain clothes officers would have to kill him Fatal 8 Subject pointed replica firearm at armed uniformed officer Fatal 11 Subject told friend he was never going be arrested again Fatal 12 Subject made silent prayer and advanced on armed uniformed officer with a knife Fatal

Time-Location-Environment Time of occurrence Time of occurrence – 10am - 5pm : 5 – 8pm - 11pm : 7 – 2am - 4am : 3 Location Location – Residential : 10 – Commercial : 3 – Other : 2 Outdoors : 11, Indoors : 4 Outdoors : 11, Indoors : 4 Weather Weather – Clear- 12 – Rainy- 2 – Cloudy- 1 Visibility & Lighting Visibility & Lighting – Good or clear : 13 – Poor or obstructed - 2

Officer Ethnicity – Dept / OIS Race/EthnicityMaleFemaleTotal (Dept / OIS) Percent Asian 337 / 2 26 / / % / 8% Black 160 / 1 48 / / 1 8.9% / 4% Filipino 117 / 4 11 / / 4 5.5% / 15% Hispanic 298 / 0 64 / / % / 0% Native American 3 / 0 5 / 0 8 /0 0.3% / 0% White 1,037 / / 5 1,256 / % / 69% Other 7 / 1 2 / 0 9 / 1 0.4% / 4% Total (Dept / OIS) 1,959 / / 5 2,334 / 26 % Dept / OIS 83.9% / 81% 16.1% / 19%

Tenure of O fficer

Military Experience # of Officers U.S. Marine Corp 3 U.S. Army 2 None21 Total26

Age of Officer

Officer Assignments Assign- ment Assign- ment With Partner Without Partner Total Plain- clothes * 213 Uniform12012 Total14115 *Plainclothes = 1 Narcotics, 1 Off-Duty Initial Incident Type Dispatched On View Total Auto Break-in 011 Disturbance022 Mental Health Detention 101 Wanted Person or Vehicle 112 Person with a Gun 224 Prowler - Trespasser 202 Resisting Arrest 101 Search Warrant 011 Shots Fired 101 Total8715

Perceived vs. Actual Threat Perceived vs. Actual Threat Perceived Threat Number of OIS's Weapon When Shot Firearm 7 5 Bladed Weapon 3 Same Moving Vehicle 3 Same Physical Resistance 2 None 15 Total

Timefrom Arrival to Shooting Time from Arrival to Shooting Time From Arrival to Shooting (minutes) Number of Incidents Less than to to 15 1 Over 15 1 Total15

Use of Force Progression Force Hierarchy Progression Used Number of Incidents 1.Verbal Persuasion 2.Liquid Chemical Agent 3.Firearm 1 1.Verbal Persuasion 2.Firearm 10 2.Physical Control 3.Firearm 1 1. Firearm 3 Total15

Distance of Shooting Shortest Distance Number of Incidents 0’ to 5’ 7 5’ to 10’ 3 10’ to 15’ 4 20’ or More 1 Total15

Findings 1.Gap in Less Lethal Force Options: CED’s (e.g. Tasers) 2.Risk vs. Results of Shooting at Moving Vehicles 3.Improved Shooting Scene Management 4.Better Coordination of Investigations 5.Focus on Employee Assistance 6.Expanded Mental Health Training 7.Ongoing Community Outreach

Questions? Questions? Panel Members:  Cdr. Daniel J. Mahoney, Presenter  Lt. Thomas Feledy, Data & Statistics  Sgt. Michael Nevin, Investigations, Use of Force  Insp. Kelly Dunn, Mental Health Issues Additional Resources: Link “IACP 2010” on sf-police.org