Development: a process of growth and change over the course of a lifetime. Maturity: the period of time following the completion of one or more of the areas of development (physical, social, intellectual, emotional or moral) Puberty: the period of development in which sexual maturity is achieved, and one is able to produce children. Hormones: chemicals that are produced by the body, and control reproduction and growth (among other bodily functions) and can affect moods and feelings. Emotions: feelings experienced in reaction to thoughts, remarks, events, etc. Socialization: the process of learning how to relate with others in the world.

Physical Changes:  Grow taller  Broader shoulders  Increase in muscle mass  Head, hands and feet grow faster  Increase in body hair  Increase in facial hair  Increase in sweat production  Voice changes  Relocation of fatty deposits (hips/breasts)  Menstruation begins  Increase in hormone production  Reach sexual maturity

Intellectual Changes:  Gain knowledge and common sense  Learn to use logic and reasoning (also called “Formal Thinking”) “Problem-Solving”  Develop abstract thinking (begin to be able to anticipate and understand the consequences of a potential action) Cause & Effect  Begin long-range planning  Gain confidence in decision-making

Social Changes :  Develop friendships with opposite sex  Exhibit more social maturity  Learn how to build deep friendships  Begin to test and imitate modeled behaviors while trying to establish a more defined self-image. Who are you? How do you want others to see you?

Emotional Changes :  Increase in mood swings, including emotional extremes * loving parents, then hating them * feeling like total successes, then total failures * wanting freedom and needing safety * being thrilled with new experiences and finding comfort in familiarity  Learn how to control/channel negative emotions in a non-destructive manner  Learn to consider others’ feelings  Learn to share emotions in an acceptable manner

Moral Changes:  Know right from wrong  Recognize acceptable behavior  Have control over choices  Determine what is important to you  Identify YOUR values

Maslow’s theory is that we have specific needs that affect our developmental progress. He believed that there is a hierarchy (priority pattern) to our needs – most important must be met first. Until the more important need is satisfied, we will not move on toward our ultimate potential because we are so focused on satisfying that immediate need. As long as we are motivated to satisfy these needs, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly. The theory is not age-based, and progress is affected by our personal situations.

The basic premise behind Erikson’s Theory is that, at each stage of life, there is a specific emotional or social developmental task that people need to learn, and that there is a “best” or “normal” time to learn it. If someone doesn’t learn it or accomplish that task “on time,” it can create negative consequences later in life.

To put it into more concrete terms (applying the idea to mental development – not specifically part of Erikson’s Theory): Suppose all of your classmates learned to read in 1 st grade, and you didn’t. Would that cause problems for you in 2 nd grade?

Central Task to be Learned Adult Result of Failure Stage/Age for Healthy Development to Learn Task __________ Infancy (0-1) Develop TrustInability/Unwillingness to Trust Toddler (1-2)Develop IndependenceDependent/Feels Inadequate Preschool Age (3-5) Develop InitiativeAvoids Leadership School Age (6-12)Develop IndustriousnessLacks Confidence/Feels Inferior Adolescence (13-20) Develop Sense of IdentityConfusion/Lacks Direction Young Adulthood Develop IntimacyEmotionally Destructive; (21-40)Self-Isolation; Misuse sex Inability to Commit Adulthood (41-60) Develop GenerativitySelf-Absorption Older Adulthood (60+) Retain Life Satisfaction/Feels Despair/Fears Death  Integrity