Report to GHRSST11 from Australia – BLUElink> and IMOS Helen Beggs 1,2, Leon Majewski 2, George Paltoglou 1,2, Ian Barton 3, Eric Schulz 1,2 and Ruslan Verein 1,2 1 Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, 2 Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia 3 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Australia Presented at the 11 th GHRSST Science Team Meeting, Lima, June 2010

Introduction BoM GHRSST Format Products (2010) – Locally received HRPT AVHRR skin SST L2P and L3C files (IMOS) – Geostationary satellite MTSAT-1R skin SST L2P and L3U files (BLUElink/IMOS/NOAA) – Global and regional foundation SST analysis L4 files (GAMSSA and RAMSSA) (BLUElink) Other Contributions to GHRSST (2010) – SST from ships (IMOS) – SST and met data from Southern Ocean Mooring (IMOS) – Radiometer skin SST from Mar 2010 Southern Ocean cruise (CMAR/BoM) – Global and regional skin SST Analyses (GAMSSA_skin and RAMSSA_skin) (BLUElink) – Datasets for Tropical Warm Pool Diurnal Variability Study (TWP+)

Locally Received AVHRR SST L2P/L3C products from IMOS Nighttime NOAA-18 HRPT AVHRR SSTskin Goal Significantly improve accuracy and useability of 1 km HRPT AVHRR SST products over Australian region 2009/10 Highlights Real-time and reprocessed HRPT AVHRR SSTskin L2P files from NOAA-17, 18 and 19 available from IMOS FTP server at ftp://aodaac2-cbr.act.csiro.au/imos ftp://aodaac2-cbr.act.csiro.au/imos Accuracy at quality level = 5: 0.23 – 0.27  C cf drifting buoys (night) 0.34 – 0.37  C cf drifting buoys (day) Improved cloud detection Improved day-time algorithm By Jun years of 1 km AVHRR SST L2P and 0.02  x 0.02  L3C files over Australian region back to 1996 to IMOS Ocean Portal and GHRSST Daytime NOAA-18 HRPT AVHRR SSTskin 10 April 2009

MTSAT-1R SSTskin L2P/L3U products from IMOS in collaboration with NOAA/STAR 1630 UT MTSAT-1R SSTskin 0.05  L3U 0530 UT MTSAT-1R SSTskin 0.05  L3U 10 April 2009 Goal Significantly improve accuracy and useability of geostationary satellite skin SST products over Australian region 2009/10 Highlights BoM producing RT and reprocessed (back to 1 Jan 2008) MTSAT-1R ~4 km, hourly, SSTskin GHRSST GDS v2.0 L2P/L3U files using NOAA/STAR v3 physical retrieval code 2010/11 Plans BoM to contribute v3 MTSAT-1R SSTskin L3 files to GHRSST TWP+ data set Process MTSAT-2 SSTskin data stream to L2P/L3U - all ready tested using 2 weeks raw data from MTSAT-2 to replace MTSAT-1R in July 2010

IMOS Ship of Opportunity SST Goal Significantly enhance quantity, quality and timeliness of ship SST data in the Australian region 2009/10 Highlights NRT QA’d SST data from 10 vessels (5 with hull-contact sensors) available from GTS and Ocean Portal - All except Rottnest and Whitsunday Ferries (engine intake SST from catamarans) have comparable errors to drifting buoys - IMOS ship SST used for satellite SST and ocean model validation at BoM 2010/11 Plans NRT QA’d SST from 2 more vessels – RV Tangaroa and RV Cape Ferguson Locations of IMOS ship SST observations to 23 May 2010 Matchups between MTSAT-1R SST and drifting buoys, moored buoys, non-IMOS ships and IMOS ships for 1 Jan 2008 to 19 Apr 2010

IMOS 1 km AVHRR SSTfnd – In Situ SSTfnd 1 June 2008 – 23 May  E – 190  E, 20  N – 70  S Nighttime,  2 hour/  1 km matchups, Quality level = 5 NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 Hull-contact SST sensors IMOS SST ships

IMOS 1 km AVHRR SSTfnd – In Situ SSTfnd 1 June 2008 – 23 May  E – 190  E, 20  N – 70  S Nighttime,  2 hour/  1 km matchups, Quality level = 5 NOAA-17 NOAA-18 NOAA-19 Hull-contact SST sensors IMOS SST ships

IMOS Southern Ocean Flux Station Deployed 17 March 2010 at 47  S, 142  E Hourly averages available from IMOS Ocean Portal every 4 hours Data streams: –SST –Salinity –Air Temperature –Winds –Humidity –SW and LW radiation –Air pressure –Precipitation

Skin SST Radiometer on Southern Ocean Cruise CSIRO’s DAR011 radiometer deployed on RV Southern Surveyor during SOFS mooring deployment cruise in March m winds > 5 m/s for study period Contact for data DAR011 SSTskin Ship SBE 3 SST6m Mooring SST1m

BoM Regional Australian Multi-Sensor SST Analysis System Depth: Foundation (pre-dawn SST) Resolution: Daily, 1/12° Domain: 60°E - 170°W, 20°N - 70°S Commenced: 13 June 2007 Start: 0130 UT, Finish: ~0400 UT Now using ACCESS-R forecast winds to filter for suspected diurnal warming events Data Inputs: – 1 km HRPT AVHRR (NOAA-17, -18) – Testing using IMOS HRPT AVHRR L2P – 9 km NAVOCEANO GAC AVHRR (NOAA- 17, -18, METOP-A) L2P – 25 km AMSR-E (Aqua) L2P – 1/6° AATSR (EnviSat) – Buoy and ship obs (GTS) – 1/12° NCEP ice edge analyses – NAVOCEANO 1/120  land/sea mask Uses: – Boundary condition for all new BoM regional NWP models – Validating BoM’s ocean prediction SST5m analyses/forecasts Daily foundation SST analyses available as netCDF GDS v1.7 L4 files from godae.bom.gov.au and ghrsst-pp.jpl.nasa.gov

BoM Global Australian Multi-Sensor SST Analysis System Depth: Foundation Resolution: Daily, 1/4° Domain: global Commenced: 2 Oct 2008 Start: 0230 UT, Finish: ~0400 UT Now using ACCESS-G forecast winds to filter for suspected diurnal warming events Data Inputs: – Testing using IMOS HRPT AVHRR L2P (NOAA-17, 18, 19) – 9 km NAVOCEANO GAC AVHRR (NOAA- 18, METOP-A) L2P – 25 km AMSR-E (Aqua) L2P – 1/6° AATSR (EnviSat) – Buoy and ship obs (GTS) – 1/12° NCEP ice edge analyses – NAVOCEANO 1/120  land/sea mask Uses: Boundary condition for all new BoM global NWP models (ACCESS-G) Initialisation of new seasonal forecast models (Test POAMA) Daily foundation SST analyses available as netCDF GDS v1.7 L4 files from ghrsst-pp.jpl.nasa.gov and godae.bom.gov.au

Trial Regional Skin SST Analysis (RAMSSA_skin) Method: SSTskin = RAMSSA SSTfnd + DSST – 0.2°C DSST calculated from Chelle Gentemann’s empirical DV model based on SEVIRI data. DSST has range 0 to 3°C only. Assumes no cloud! Depth: skin (~10  m) Resolution: Hourly, 1/12° Domain: 65°E - 175°W, 15°N - 65°S Commenced: 1 Oct 2008 Data Inputs: – Daily RAMSSA SSTfnd – Mean hourly, 0.375º, 10 m winds from ACCESS-R NWP 24 hour forecasts – Mean value of solar constant for 1978 to 1998 Planned Use: QC and application of satellite atmospheric sounding data input into new regional NWP models (ACCESS-R, ACCESS-A, ACCESS-C, etc) – Requires +/- 2°C accuracy

Trial Global Skin SST Analysis (GAMSSA_skin) Method: GAMSSA SSTfnd + DSST – 0.2 K DSST calculated from Chelle Gentemann’s empirical DV model based on SEVIRI data. Assumes no cloud! (0 - 3  C) Depth: skin (~10  m) Resolution: 3-hourly, 1/4° Domain: global Commenced: 1 Jun 2008 Data Inputs: – Daily GAMSSA SSTfnd – Mean 3-hourly, 1.25º lon x 0.833° lat, 10 m winds from ACCESS-G NWP 24 hour forecasts – Mean value of solar constant for 1978 to 1998 Planned Use: QC and application of satellite atmospheric sounding data input into new global NWP model (ACCESS-G) – Requires +/- 2K accuracy

Area of study: 25°S to 15°N, 90°E to 170°E Period: 1 Jan – 31 Apr 2009 Status: Regridded/reformatted data sets to test diurnal variation models in TWP region available ( – BoM Regional NWP forecast (LAPS) hourly 0.375° surface fluxes and winds – Meteo-France METOP-A SSTsubskin L3 (0.025°) Still to come: – BoM/IMOS v3 MTSAT-1R hourly SSTskin L3 (0.05°) – BoM 1/12º Regional SSTfnd Analyses (RAMSSA) (0.05°) – BoM/IMOS 1 km HRPT AVHRR SSTskin L3 (0.025°) – RSS AMSR-E/TMI SSTsubskin L3 (0.25°) – NOAA Global NWP analysis (GDAS) hourly ~1/3° surface fluxes and winds – Samantha Lavender: 4.63 km Ocean Colour Analyses of Kd490, a490 and bb490 (0.05°) GHRSST Tropical Warm Pool Diurnal Variability Experiment (TWP+)

BLUElink Ocean Prediction System From Feb 2010 GAC AVHRR L2P SST assimilated into OceanMAPS ocean prediction system Assimilating both AMSR-E and GAC AVHRR L2P SSTfnd products results in OceanMAPS SST5m analyses closer to buoy observations compared with assimilating AMSR-E and AVHRR SST separately Andreu-Burillo et al. (2010) Aust. Meteor. Ocean. J. GAC AVHRRAMSR-EGAC AVHRR + AMSR-E

Different SST level files using AVHRR L2P IR SST for 11 Apr 2010 Composite, ascending, 0.02  AVHRR L3C SSTskin from NOAA-18 (quality level 5) Composite, 0.02  AVHRR L3S SSTskin from NOAA-17, 18 and 19 for 6-11 Apr 2010 RAMSSA  L4 SSTfnd OI Analysis OceanMAPS 0.1  OGCM SST5m Analysis

Future GHRSST Products BoM aims to provide to GHRSST GDAC: Dec 2010: RT HRPT AVHRR SSTskin L2P and L3C in GDS v2.0 format Jun 2011: Operational daily, global and regional SSTfnd L4 analyses in GDS v2.0 format – Using all L2P from AATSR, AVHRR, AMSR-E and MTSAT-2? for enhanced accuracy and consistency Jun 2011: Reprocessed HRPT AVHRR SSTskin L2P and L3C back to 1996 Jun 2011: NRT high quality Ship SST from at least 11 vessels via GTS and IMOS Ocean Portal

Dr Helen Beggs, Ocean Observations, Assessment and Prediction Programme, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Bureau of Meteorology, 700 Collins St, Melbourne.

Extra Slides for discussion

Validating RAMSSA-skin using AATSR SSTskin L2P Period: 1 – 31 Jan 2009 AATSR on Envisat has local equator-crossing times of 10:30 am and 10:30 pm RAMSSA_skin – 1 km AATSR SSTskin: 0.14 ± 0.38°C GAMSSA_skin – 1 km AATSR SSTskin: 0.10 ± 0.38°C BUT only tests under clear sky conditions and not at minima or maxima of diurnal cycle Next will test with HRPT AVHRR on NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 (equator-crossing times of ~1:30 am and ~1:30 pm)

BLUElink ReANalysis GOAL: To provide a realistic quantitative description of the 3D time-varying ocean circulation of all physical variables (temperature, salinity, sea-level and three components of velocity) for the last few decades 1997 to 2008 BRAN netCDF files and maps of SST are publicly available (to registered users). See AN.htm BLUElink are working towards the assimilation of more SST obs (eg NAVOCEANO GAC AVHRR SST L2P) into both our reanalysis (through BRAN) and forecast (through OceanMAPS) activities.

Nation-wide collaborative program designed to observe the oceans around Australia 27 Australian institutions mid-2007 to mid-2013 $AUS107M to install infrastructure for marine research All IMOS data available under the GOOS data access principles Precursor to an Australian Integrated Ocean Observing System See

Legacy Australian Locally Received AVHRR SST 14-day Mosaic L3 product from IMOS BoM Legacy 14-day weighted mean Mosaic of HRPT AVHRR SST1m data from NOAA-15, NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 satellites has been converted to GHRSST format 0.01° x 0.01° resolution, L3 files over 8ºS to 48ºS, 104ºE to 165ºE. 14-day AVHRR “Mosaic” Multi-Sensor L3P files available back to 1 Jan 2001 via IMOS OPeNDAP server (imos.org.au/srs_data.html). NOAA-17 and NOAA day HRPT AVHRR SST1m 0.01° L3P 28 Mar - 10 April 2009