{ Glass in Your Daily Life Ms. Lopez Project: An Application of Energy Conservation

When Was Glass Invented?

 Likely made for the first time in Egypt, 3500 BC  For the next 500 hundred years, Egypt and Syria were the main glass manufacturers  In 1 st century BC, Syrian craft men invented the blow pipe –a tool that made glass production easier, faster and cheaper  Some of the first glass objects included: jewelry, cosmetics & jars  Glass production spread to Italy and then all of Europe, where stained glass in churches became very popular The Evolution of Glass

 By 1674, an English glassmaker changed the common ingredients of glass and called it lead glass  Glass making didn’t prosper in the US until 1739 in New Jersey  In the early 1800s, the most common type of glass was window glass (called crown glass)  Bottles were used mainly for whiskey and then in the medical industry, thus making the glass demand increase  At the beginning of the 1900s, the science and engineering of glass became better understood and new methods were developed  In the 1970s, optical fibers where developed for use in laser communication systems –the internet became a possibility The Evolution of Glass

 Soda-lime glass  Most common type of glass (approximately 90% of the glass produced in the world)  Components: silica but also contains sodium carbonate and oxides of aluminum, magnesium and calcium (approximately 25-30% of the glass by weight)  Lead glass  Another common type of glass  Made by replacing some or all of the oxides used in soda-lime with lead oxide. This makes glass denser  Other raw materials for glass include metal oxides such as barium, cerium, and iron. Cerium oxide gives glass ultraviolet (UV) absorption properties. Boron oxide makes very hard, heat-resistant glass. Cullet, which is recycled glass, is often used as a raw material as well.  Table salt is sometimes used to get rid of bubbles in glass Raw Materials in Glass

 The raw materials are stored in large containers  They are mixed in with recycled glass, so it is not wasted  The mixture melts at approximately 2800 F  A long time ago, the glass mixture was melted in clay pots by burning wood, today, furnaces (tanks) are heated by gas or oil  The tanks can hold 1 to 600 tons of glass Modern Glass-Making

 Flat Glass – windows  Glass Containers – packaging food, beverages, medicine, chemicals, cosmetics  Optical Glass – eye glasses, microscopes, telescopes, camera lenses  Bullet-resistant Glass – banks, military tanks, aircraft, some automobiles  Tempered Safety Glass – glass doors, car windows, basketball backboards  Heat-resistant Glass – cookware household equipment  Photochromic Glass – windows, sunglasses, instruments  Chalcogenide Glass – electronic devices, laser surgery Types of Glass

 To know how strong glass can be, a variation of tests are performed  How is physics used?  Mechanical energy: iFRDPB4 iFRDPB4https:// iFRDPB4  Thermal energy: bk bk bk The Study of Glass

 Annealing and tension in glass:  Raw materials of glass: glass glasshttp:// glass  Coloring glass:  Applications of tension in glass:  The art of glass blowing:  Glass horse:  How to make marbles: k_IQQGk3A k_IQQGk3Ahttps:// k_IQQGk3A Glass Videos