Longman Social Studies, Unit 6: A New Nation (from 1789 to 1900) Lesson 1Lesson 2 The First PresidencyThe Civil War Settlers and ExplorersReconstruction Westward MovementThe Reservation System The AbolitionistsThe Industrial Age

Places and Key Events in Unit 6 PlacesKey Events Missouri RiverWestward Expansion Columbia RiverCalifornia Gold Rush Oregon TrailThe Civil War Fort SumterReconstruction Confederate States of AmericaThe reservation system Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaThe Industrial Age Ford’s Theater, Washington, D.C. Little Big Horn, Montana Wounded Knee, South Dakota

The First Presidency (pp ) In 1789 George Washington became the first president of the U.S. The new government made a Constitution with ten amendments called the Bill of Rights. As president, Washington had to pay off a national debt from war. His vice-president was John Adams. Washington had a group of advisers to help him. This group was called his cabinet. Washington was president for 8 years. John Adams was the second president.

Settlers and Explorers (pp ) As the new nation was created, settlers started to move west to own land to farm. Settlers who moved west to find new territories were called pioneers. In 1804 President Thomas Jefferson (the 3 rd president of the U.S.) sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, to explore the territory west of the Mississippi River. Lewis and Clark took a group of men with them. Lewis and Clark set out from St. Louis, Missouri and traveled on the Missouri River. They wanted to reach the Pacific Ocean. They met many Native American tribes on their journey.

The Route of Lewis and Clark’s Expedition

Westward Movement, pp In the 1840s thousands of pioneers traveled west in wagon trains on the Oregon Trail. In 1848 gold was found in San Francisco. Many people traveled to the west hoping to get rich. This was called the gold rush. Pioneers kept in touch with their families in the east through the Pony Express. Buffalo lived in North America for thousands of years. The Europeans brought cattle to North America. The cattle ate grass, so many buffalo died. Native Americans ate buffalo and made their clothes from buffalo. In the 1860s the U.S built railroads across the U.S. continent. Irish and Chinese immigrants worked on the railroads.

Hunting Buffalo (The Buffalo and Ms. Velázquez in the Black Hills of South Dakota)

The Abolitionists (pp ) By the early 1850s Americans who lived in the North did not agree with Americans in the South. Northerners worked in industry. They wanted to abolish slavery because the Constitution said people had the right to be free. The abolitionists spoke out against slavery. Southerners did not want to stop slavery because they needed slaves to work on their plantations. Frederick Douglass was a former slave and an abolitionist. He learned to read and published an anti-slavery newspaper. By 1860 the U.S. became more and more divided: some states were slave states and some were free states.

Free States and Slave States Before and During the Civil War

The Civil War (pp ) Abraham Lincoln, the 16 th president, became president in By 1861, eleven states below the Mason-Dixon Line had seceded (left) from the Union (the North). They wanted to become a separate country called the Confederate States of America or the Confederacy. The Civil War began with a battle at Fort Sumter in South Carolina on April 12, The Union won an important battle at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. More than 50,000 soldiers died or were wounded. Pres. Lincoln gave a famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, to honor the men who died there.

The Civil War (pp ) Cont’d The Civil War lasted 4 years ( ). General Ulysses S. Grant was the commander-in-chief of the Union army. General Robert E. Lee was the commander-in-chief of the Confederate army. The Union won many battles under General Grant. On April 9, 1865, Gen. Lee surrendered, and the Civil War ended. On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln while he was watching a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. Booth was a supporter of the Confederacy.

General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate Army President Abraham Lincoln Visiting the Soldiers in the Union Army John Wilkes Booth, Abraham Lincoln’s assassin

American Civil War Map

The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln in Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865

Because of the Civil War, much of the South was destroyed.

Reconstruction (p. 222) The Reconstruction period was from 1865 to The government wanted to rebuild the south. The 11 states that wanted to secede from the Union had to be brought back into the Union. Southern leaders wanted to pass laws that stopped African Americans from voting and working. They wanted to keep African Americans segregated. Congress passed amendments to the Constitution to help African Americans: 14 th Amendment: states cannot deny rights to citizens; 15 th Amendment: all men have the right to vote.

Reconstruction of the South After the Civil War

African-American men vote in 1868 after the 14 th Amendment was passed.

The Reservation System (pp. 223 and 225) By the 1860s, the U.S. wanted to expand. It wanted more territory. It wanted to take away the land of Native Americans. Native Americans had to live in reservations. Farmers and ranchers shot the buffalo. The Sioux and the Cheyenne tribes refused to move to reservations. Gen. Custer and his soldiers fought the Native Americans in the Battle of Little Big Horn in Montana and were killed. In 1877 U.S. soldiers attacked and killed the Nez Percé tribe. In 1890 U.S. soldiers shot and killed the Sioux leader Sitting Bull. At Wounded Knee in South Dakota, U.S. soldiers shot and killed more than 200 Sioux.

Native Americans on Reservations in the 18 th and 19 th Centuries

General George A. Custer, Chief Joseph (Nez Percé), Sitting Bull (Sioux)

The Industrial Age (pp ) Railroads were important during the Civil War. The building of the railroad created thousands of new jobs. The U. S. economy grew. Some people became very rich. John D. Rockefeller made a fortune in the oil industry. Before the Industrial Revolution, many people lived in small towns or on farms. During the Industrial Revolution, people moved to the cities to work in factories. People, including children, worked for 12 to 14 hours every day. Conditions in the factories were very bad. Many people got sick and died. Many things were invented during this time (eg. the telephone, the camera, the electric light.)

Factories in the Early 1900s

Children Working in Factories in the 1900s

People in Unit 6: A New Nation George Washington (1)Cornelius Vanderbilt John Adams (2)John D. Rockefeller Thomas Jefferson (3)Andrew Carnegie Meriwether LewisJ. Pierpont Morgan William ClarkMarie Curie (not an American) Sacagawea and the Shoshone People Harriet Tubman Frederick Douglass Abraham Lincoln (16) John Wilkes Booth Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Gen. Robert E. Lee Gen. George A. Custer Chief Joseph and the Nez Percé Tribe Sitting Bull and the Sioux Tribe