Reconstruction Big Themes President vs. Congress Power Success or Failure? What to do with free African-Americans? Rebuild Economy Reintegrate Southern States

Lincoln’s 10% Plan Success 1863 before end of war Trying to end war with lenient plan 10% oath by southern states Failure Too lenient Lincoln Assassinated Used by President Johnson, created tension with Radical Republicans

Wade Davis Bill 1864 Success Response to Lincolns plan 50% oath by voters Failure Demonstrate issue between Congress and President

Freedman’s Bureau 1865 Successful Gov’t provide education, clothes, food to freed blacks and refugee whites Transition from slavery Enforce contracts Howard University Hampton Institute Failure No military force Did not bring blacks and whites together Little political and economic support Staff cut 1869 Ended in 1872

40 Acres and A Mule 1865 Successful General Sherman gave Free land on islands and coast of South Carolina and Georgia 40 acres of land and a mule Opportunity Tunis Campbell – leader of St. Catherine’s Island, emerges as a strong advocate for blacks Failure President Johnson ordered confiscated land returned to former owners Blacks forced to work for plantation owners - sharecropping

President Johnson’s 10%+ Plan May 1865 Successful Quick resolution to bringing south into Union 10% give oath of loyalty Failure Angered Congress, did not consent to plan Allowed whites back in power and black codes 13,500 Pardons Lenient

Black Codes Successful Failure Blacks subjected to laws and discrimination to restrict rights Replace controls lost with 13 th amendment Secure cheap labor Vagrant if unemployed and arrested No firearms or testify in court Could not rent land or borrow money to buy land Forced sharecropping

13 th Amendment 1865 Successful Abolish slavery Families not split apart Less working hours Failure Black codes

14 th Amendment 1866 Successful Grant citizenship Failure Not immediately successful until Civil Rights Era

Congress Reconstruction Acts 1867 Successful Acts or laws Confederate States had to follow to be readmitted 1. Military districts with troops 2. New State Constitution 3. Ratify 14 th & 15 th Amendment 4. Voting rights to black men Start of Radical Reconstruction Tenure Office Act (set up Johnson for impeachment) Congress more power than President Failure Create tension between north and south Tension between President and Congress

Civil Rights Act 1866 Successful Try to overrule Black Codes Provide citizenship Failure No solution, enforcement or protection Did not include political rights Very weak but sent a message

African American Leadership 1867 Successful Role of legislatures Impact laws Political Participation 2,000 African Americas held public office Union League Formed Failure Representation not proportion to blacks population After 1877 representation decreased, no protection Sometimes did not work in best interest of black people

Grant President 1868 Successful Supported passing of 14 th and 15 th amendment KKK Act – enable him to use martial law when locals did not protect citizens Used enforcement to assist the south Failure Oversaw unprecedented growth and corruption in business Gradual retreat from Reconstruction Gave amnesty to 500 former Confederates

15 th Amendment 1870 Successful African American Men Vote Failure Whites limit right

Civil Rights Act 1875 Successful Equal access to public facilities Right to sue for personal damages Failure Last ditch effort by Radical RepublicansRarely enforced 1883 declared unconstitutional

Compromise 1877 – Republican Hayes awarded Presidency if remove troops from south Successful Build a railroad in the south Help industrialize south Failure Ended Radical Reconstruction Democrats regain political control in south No military presence or protection

Radical Republicans Successful Led by Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner Fought for many rights and laws for freed slaves Instrumental for changes Failure Lost momentum towards end of Reconstruction Could not be as effective as wanted b/c of lack of numbers

Carpetbaggers Successful Northerners who helped south economy Failure Derogatory term to describe their intention to exploit system for personal wealth