CLASSIFICATION

Three Domains

Three Domains

Phylogenetic trees A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species

Evidence Comparative anatomy Using radioisotope dating, such as Potassium-argon dating method. 40K has a half life of 1.248×109 years to 40Ca and 40Ar. DNA analysis – The greater the difference, the longer ago two species separated

The Primates

Questions 1. Which two spiecies would you expect to show the greatest similarity in their DNA sequences?

Questions How long ago did D. Melanogaster’s ancestors separate from the ancestors of D. pseudoobscura to form two separate species Which species would you expect to be most similar to D. ananassae: D. Persimilis or D. Secheilia? D = Drosophila

Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. Carl Linnæus or Carl von Linné (1707–1778). The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carl Linnæus who learnt to speak Latin from a very young age. The names are in two parts (binomial), the first name being the name of the genus and the second the name of the species. Two organisms with the same genus name will be closely related. This is not so for the species name.

Cordulegaster boltonii

List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. Orcinus orca

List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. Kingdom .... Plantae Phylum .... Magnoliophyta Class .... Magnoliopsida Order .... Fagales Family .... Fagaceae Genus .... Quercus Species .... robur Quercus robur (English Oak)

Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. Phylum Roots, leaves and stems Reproductive structures Bryophyta No roots, instead they have structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids. Mosses have simple leaves and stems. Spores are produced in capsule. The capsule develops at the end of a stalk. Filicinophyta Have roots, leaves and short non-woody stems. Leaves are usually pinnate (divided into leaflets) and curled up in a bud Spores are produced in sporangia, usually on the underside of the leaves. Coniferophyta Shrubs or trees with roots, leaves and woody stems. Leaves are usually narrow with thick waxy cuticle. Seeds are produced from ovules on the surface of the scales of female cones. Male cones produce pollen. Angiospermaphyta Many different characteristics but usually have roots, leaves and stems. Stems of flowering plants that develop into shrubs and trees are woody. Seeds are produced from ovules inside the ovaries. The ovaries are part of the flower. The fruits then develop from the ovaries and disperse the seeds.

Phylum angiospermophyta Kingdom Plantae bryophyta Phylum Phylum filicinophyta Phylum coniferophyta Phylum angiospermophyta

Phylum bryophyta Rhizoids

Phylum filicinophyta Fonds (pinnate leaves) Sporangia Rhizoid Roots

Phylum coniferophyta Seeds in cones Needle-like leaves

Phylum angiospermophyta

Phylum Common Name Features bryophyta Mosses and liverworts Kingdom Plantae Phylum Common Name Features bryophyta Mosses and liverworts No true roots Produce spores Grow in damp places filicinophyta Ferns True roots Leaves form fonds coniferophyta Conifers Needle-like leaves ‘Naked’ seeds angiospermophyta Flowering Plants Produce flowers Produce seeds within a fruit

Phylum angiospermophyta Phylum filicinophyta Phylum bryophyta Sort the photographs in the centre into the four taxa by dragging the images into the correct sections Phylum coniferophyta Phylum angiospermophyta

Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. Phylum Features Reproductive structures porifera no clear symmetry attached to a surface no mouth or anus Example: Mermaid's Glove Haliclona oculata cnidaria radially symmetric tentacles with stinging cells mouth but no anus Example: Hydra oligactis platyhelminthes bilaterally symmetrical flat unsegmented bodies Example: Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica annelida bristles often present segmented mouth and anus Example: Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris mollusca muscular foot shell may be present Example: Banded snail cepaea nemoralis arthropoda bilaterally symmetric exoskeleton Segmented and jointed appendages Example: Edible crab Cancer pagurus

Phylum Porifera Mermaid’s Glove

Phylum cnidaria Brown Hydra Hydra oligactis

Phylum platyhelminthes Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica

Phylum annelida Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

Phylum mollusca Banded Snail Cepea nemoralis

Phylum arthropoda Edible crab Cancer pagurus

Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. TASK: Collect the leaves from eight or more deciduous trees in the school grounds and identify them using a tree identification tree. Taking photographs of the trees on your phone will help. Clicking on the image below will take you to an online key. Example of a Dichotomous Key: 1. Organism is a plant ...................................................................................... Go to Q2 Organism is not a plant (animal) ................................................................ Go to Q5 2. Has no 'true' leaves or roots ....................................................................... Bryophyta Has leaves and roots ................................................................................... Go to Q3 3. Has no seeds (sporangia) .......................................................................... Filicinophyta Has seeds ..................................................................................................... Go to Q4 4. Has no flowers ............................................................................................. Coniferophyta Has flowers ................................................................................................... Angiospermophyta 5. Asymmetrical body plan ............................................................................. Porifera Symmetrical body plan ............................................................................... Go to Q6 6. Has radial symmetry ................................................................................... Cnidaria Has bilateral symmetry ............................................................................... Go to Q7 7. Has no anus ................................................................................................. Platyhelminthes Has an anus ................................................................................................. Go to Q8 8. Has a segmented body .............................................................................. Go to Q9 Has no visible body segmentation ........................................................... Mollusca 9. Have an exoskeleton ................................................................................. Arthropoda Have no exoskeleton ................................................................................. Annelida