Choctaw People: Indian Policy 1801-1830 Ryan L. Spring, GIS/GPS Specialist Historic Preservation Department Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy 1812: Allies of the United States 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

Choctaw Society Matriarchal Society Moieties (iksa) Society centered around the Women. Kinship based on the mother’s Moiety & Clan Boys raised by the mother’s uncle Revenge Law Punishment Kashapa Okla (Divided People) Kush iksa (Reed Clan) Law Okla (?) Lulak Okla (probably Fire People) Limoklasha/Itimoklasha (There People are There) Okla Inholahta (Beloved People) Chufan iksa (Beloved People) Isketani (Small people) Chitto (Big people) Shakchi Okla (Crawfish People)

Givers of Life Foundation of the Community Property Owners Agricultural producers Domestic Pottery Basketry Cooking Clothing Bushnell 1909 Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450

Takers of Life Hunters Protected the Community Played Stickball Interacted with Other Groups Did the Heaviest Work Served as Orators & Historians Bushnell 1909

Choctaw Government Choctaw Government Three Districts Village Okla Falaya Chief Apukshunnubbee Ahepvt Okla Chief Mushulatubbe Okla Hannali Chief Pushmataha Village Chief Council Squirrel Chief War Chief

Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy 1812: Allies of the United States 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

Creation of Indian Policy 1801: Thomas Jefferson Elected President Cultural Imperialism American Culture Assimilation New York Historic Society 1805

Trade, Debts, and Treaties 1801 Treaty of Fort Adams Natchez Trace Protect Mississippi 1802 Treaty of Fort Confederation Protect the Mississippi 1803 Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa Defense of Mobile 1805 Treat of Mount Dexter

Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land) After DeRosier 1970:29

Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy 1812: Allies of the United States 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

Changes in Choctaw Society Pressure from Settlers Changes in Choctaw Society Mixed Bloods Men: Property & Trade Allies of the United States

War of 1812: The First Choctaw War United States is at war with Great Britain. Tensions peak between Muscogee people and whites. Summer 1813: Muscogee Chiefs (Red Sticks) hold council with Choctaw Chiefs to decide on the issue of war against the United States. Choctaw Chiefs decline and settle for neutrality. Fall 1813: War erupts, Red Sticks begin to attack American settlements. Fort Mims is attacked. Choctaw villages attacked. Choctaw Chiefs meet with the United States. Pushmataha is granted a field commission as Lt. Colonel in the US Army under Andrew Jackson. Winter 1813: Pushmataha and his warriors join Jackson’s Army. They defeat the Red Sticks at Battle of Holy Ground. 1814 Pushmataha enlist more warriors for Jackson’s Pensacola Campaign. Choctaw Troops go unpaid. January 1815: Pushmataha’s warriors under Jugeat help defeat the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

1816: Treaty of Choctaw Trading House Allies of the United States 1816: Choctaw eagerly ceded a small amount of lands east of the Tombigbee with their new Ally.

Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land) After DeRosier 1970:29

Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy 1812: Allies of the United States 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

Calhoun-Monroe Indian Policy Cultural Imperialism Indian Territory Removal

Choctaw Adaptation: Education Educate the Youth Missionaries Schools Choctaws “Sharp Businessmen”

Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy 1812: Allies of the United States 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

Treaty of Doak’s Stand Rumors of Removal Indian Commissioner Bribery, exaggeration, threat of the settlers, and loss of friendship. Treaty Signed Goods & Supplies Education No more lands to be ceeded Lighthorsemen

1825 Treaty of Washington City Arkansans Protest Pushmataha & Apukshunnubbee Treaty Signed Warriors paid Continued Friendship

Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy 1812: Allies of the United States 1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education 1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo Lands Ceded 34,000 sq mi Sept 22nd Killihota Choctaws 59, Killihota 1 Sept 23rd Rejected Threats: State would seize lands, US Military would destroy resistance, Choctaws taken by force to the West. Sept 24th Greenwood Leflore Article 14 Sept 25th Voted down Okla Falaya: 2/3 voted down Sept 27th Threats: cease relations, lands given away to other Tribes, forced into labor and military conscription, state taxes, children destitute, Choctaws would be utterly destroyed Treaty Signed 17,000 sq mi Friendship Removals Scheduled 1831, 1832, 1833 Transportation , Supplies, & Reimbursements Choctaw Nation would remain Autonomous Protection by the United States Choctaw who fought in Revolution and Northwest Indian War receive annuity.

Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land) After DeRosier 1970:29

Recommended Books The Removal of the Choctaw Indians Indian Removal DeRosier Indian Removal Grant Foreman Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi, 1818-1918 Clara Sue Kidwell