Ted is with Ann. Living rooms will usually have a television.

livingHe likes, and also earns his by making an honest. living He likes, and also earns his by making an honest. bread

GERUNDS vs. PRESENT PARTICPLES SAME WORDS, DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

-ING Verbs Tutor + ing GERUNDS After-school tutoring, the tutoring of a child PRESENT PARTICIPLES Tutoring Progressive Tense Verbs He was tutoring on the side for money. Adjectives Tutoring classes, tutoring professionals, tutoring software

I. TO SEPARATE THE ELEMENTS IN A SERIES

II. To Connect Two Independent Clauses Using The “Little Conjunctions”

III. To Set Off Introductory Elements Adverbial Phrases Infinitive Phrases Prepositional Phrases

Inside the gym was brightly lighted and clean. Inside, the gym was brightly lighted and clean. Outside the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches. IV. TO AVOID CONFUSION

V. TO SET OFF QUOTED ELEMENTS Remember, As A General Rule, Punctuation Goes Inside Of Quotation Marks

VI. To Set Off Phrases That Express Contrast He liked ice cream, but not rhubarb pie. Some say the world will end in fire, not ice. Kim says we should embrace wildlife diversity, rather than endanger it.

VII. TYPOGRAPHICAL REASONS Between City and State (and after if sentence continues) Date and Year (and after if sentence continues) Name and Suffix Long Numbers

VIII. TO SET OFF PARENTHETICAL ELEMENTS Interrupters, Nonessential Clauses, Appositives Dash phrases and Parenthetical phrases too!

IX. TO SEPARATE COORDINATE ADJECTIVES OSASCOMP INCORRECT: 1. I like blue pink clothing.. 2. I have a gray and compact car. CORRECT: 1. I like blue, pink clothing. I like blue and pink clothing. 2. I have a gray compact car

STUDY GUIDE Verb Tenses Mood & Tone Irony Appositives Quotation Marks, Parentheses, Brackets, Dashes and Hyphens Verbals (Gerunds, Participles and Infinitives) Commas Repetition Parallelism Metaphors + Allegory Allusion MLA Parts of Speech

Answers to Comma Worksheet I. The scrimping cyclist salvages unicycles, bicycles, and tricycles. RULE I II. The scarlet tanager, a medium-sized American songbird, eats mainly insects, but sometimes berries. RULE VI, VIII III. The Battle of Hastings was fought on Oct. 16, 1066, between the Norman-French army and the English. RULE VII IV. The Colonel drives a pink [comma removed] vintage Cadillac selling juicy, delicious chicken out of it. RULE IX V. “War does not determine who is right, ” says Bertrand Russell, “only who is left.” RULE V VI. To truly appreciate the work of Beethoven, students ought to know that he was one of the first to treat his work as art, not his art as work. RULE III, VI