AP Human Geography Political - Chapter 8 Political Geography Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces llhammon Spring 2014

Centripetal Centrifugal UNIFY People Hold together the social and political fabric of the state. DIVIDE People Tear apart the social and political fabric of the state. How would you classify these events: Centripetal or Centrifugal? Can you categorize them? (Political, Economic, Social, etc) A booming economy Ethnic conflict Effective government social welfare programs September 11th War Natural Disaster A strong and well-liked leader (Have you seen Invictus?)

Invictus

Centrifugal Forces and Devolution Movement of power from central government to regional governments within the state. Why? Ethnocultural (Czechoslovakia): We aren’t like you. Economic (Italy): Why should we pay for you? Spatial (Hawaii?) Does Devolution = Independence Movement?

What is the difference between… Devolution The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government Balkanization The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.

Canada & Quebec

U.S.S.R.

Former Yugoslavia

The Balkans in 1914 What did this lead to? Should we be worried today?

What would happen if you had Centripetal Forces work beyond the State scale? What might bring people together beyond state identity? Think…Economic, Political, Military, Social Supranational Organizations

Why Do States Cooperate and Compete with Each Other? Political and military cooperation The United Nations (est. 1945) Regional military alliances Balance of power Post–World War II: NATO or the Warsaw Pact Other regional organizations OSEC (est. 1975) – organization on Security and cooperation in Europe OAS (est. 1962) – Organization of American States AU (est. 2002) – The African Union The Commonwealth – United Kingdom and former British colonies Economic cooperation (EU)

Exhibit A: U.N. Members

Exhibit “B” Economic and Military Alliances in Cold War Europe NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.

Internationalism and Supranational Organizations

NAFTA

Arab League

What is The Law of the Sea? Pacific Ocean What is The Law of the Sea? United States (Alaska) The Convention on the Law of the Sea is an international treaty that sets environmental and commercial terms for use of the world's oceans. It protects the ocean from environmental degradation, establishes guidelines for businesses that depend on the sea for resources, defines maritime zones, and preserves freedom of navigation. 161 nations have signed and ratified this treaty. The United States is virtually alone among industrialized nations in not having done so, though the U.S. has voluntarily abided by the terms of the treaty since 1983. Arctic Circle Canada Arctic Circle Russia North Pole Denmark (Greenland) Norway Iceland Arctic Circle Finland Sweden Atlantic Ocean Canada Norway Unclaimed areas Denmark Russia Internal waters United States Iceland Law of the Sea Treaty

National claims to Antarctica Antarctica is the only large landmass in the world that is not part of a sovereign state. The Antarctica Treaty was signed in 1959. National claims to Antarctica