Cells

The Cell Theory All living things are made of _______. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. New cells are produced from _________cells.

2 Main Types of Cells Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes classified based on the presence of a ________ or not. Eukaryotes are cells that contain nuclei. Prokaryotes are cells that lack nuclei.

Prokaryotes: cells have genetic material that is not contained in the _________. Generally _______ and _______ than eukaryotic cells. Generally less complex than eukaryotic cells Lack membrane-bound organelles. Carry out every activity associated with living things. Example: __________

Eukaryotes: cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. Generally _________& more________ than prokaryotic cells. Contain dozens of structures & internal membranes. Many are highly specialized Unicellular organisms & large multicellular organisms. Example: __________,__________,________, & ___________.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure: Cytoplasm: the portion of the cell outside the nucleus Nucleus: contains nearly all the cell’s ______ & the coded instructions for making __________ and other important molecules. Surrounded by the Nuclear envelope. Chp. 7 Sec. 2

Chromatin: the granular material inside the nucleus; consists of ________ bound to protein. Condenses to form ____________when the cell prepares to divide. Nucleolus: found inside the nucleus; location of __________ assembly. Ribosomes: location where proteins are assembled; small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): An _______ __________ system the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. 2 Types: Rough ER: the portion involved in protein synthesis; ribosomes are found on its _________. Smooth ER: ribosomes are not found on the surface; may contain specialized enzymes in certain cell types.

Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, & packages _________ and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. Lysosomes: small organelles filled with __________ that function in the digestion of lipids, carbs, and proteins. “Cleanup Crew ”

Vacuoles: saclike structures that _______ ________within the cell. (Salt, water, & proteins) Mitochondria: __________source/ “Power House” of the cell; organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

Chloroplasts: organelles that capture energy from _________ and convert it into chemical energy in a process called ____________. Contain green pigment called __________.

Cytoskeleton: supporting structure which gives cells their shape and internal organization It is a network of protein filaments It is also involved in movement Microfilaments: threadlike structures made of a protein called ______. Create a tough & flexible framework

Chapter 7 Section 3: Cell membranes All cells are surrounded by a flexible barrier called the ________ _______________. (plasma membrane) Plants cells produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane called a ______ __________.

Cell Membrane The cell membrane regulates what enters & leaves the cell. Also provides protection & support Involved in maintaining ________________. The cell membrane is composed of a ________ bi-layer 2 layers of lipids (water-proof)

The cell membrane also contains _________ which form channels for large molecules to pass through. The cell membrane is _____________________. It allows some compounds to enter while keeping others out. Like a pasta strainer

Cell Walls Found in ____________cells The main function of the cell wall is to provide ___________ & _____________ for the cell. Cell Walls are composed mainly of cellulose, a tough carbohydrate fiber.

Diffusion Regulates the movement of dissolved molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. Diffusion = particles moving from a ______ concentration to a ________concentration. Occurs until the solution reaches Equillibrium Diffusion occurs across a membrane without ____________. (passive transport)

Osmosis The diffusion of _____________ through a selectively permeable membrane. 3 types of solutions involving osmosis: Isotonic: “Same Strength” Hypertonic: “Above Strength” more solute Hypotonic: “Below Strength” less solute

2 Types of Cellular Transport Passive Transport = Requires no______ Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport = Requires Energy Particles move against the concentration gradient

2 Types of Active Transport Endocytosis = particles move ______ the cell Exocytosis = particles move _______ of the cell. Pinocytosis  Small particles Phagocytosis  Large particles