General Biology ( Welcome to the golden age of biology! There has never been a more exciting to teach and learn about life. Reading the newspaper or watching the news reminds us daily that the subject of biology is woven into the fabric of our society as never before. As the pace of biology discovery accelerates, so does the number of ways that it touches our lives. Medicine, agriculture, forensics, ecology, psychology, history- these are just a few of the subjects to which biology has made significant contribution in recent years. Through Biology, Concepts & Connections, we are privileged to help instructors educate the next generation of “citizen scientists”). Adapted from Essential Biology, by Campbell et al. (I)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Prof. Dr. Nabih A. Baeshen

Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology  Biology is the science of life in all its living forms, plants, animals and microorganisms including man  The term “Biology” derived from bios = life and logos = science  Living organisms have many attributes that distinguish them from non-living objects  It comes in the first place the characteristic of adaptation: the innate fitness of an organism for its environmental condition  The leopard is an excellent example of an organism adapted to its environment

Introduction: Dining in the Trees –It survives because of adaptations to its environment –Examples are coat camouflage and hunting and climbing ability –Adaptations –Adaptations are the result of evolution –Evolution –Evolution is the process of change that transforms life –Biology –Biology is the scientific study of life Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Organization  Organization is another important attribute of living organisms that define the themes in the study of biology  Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels of increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of life  Atomsmoleculesorganells cellstissuesorganssystemsorganism populationcommunityecosystem  Atoms are organized into molecules ⇒ organells ⇒ cells ⇒ tissues ⇒organs ⇒systems ⇒organism ⇒ population ⇒ community ⇒ ecosystem ⇒ biosphere

1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level  Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology –Life emerges through organization of various levels emergent properties –With addition of each new level, novel properties emerge—called emergent properties Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community, All organisms on the Florida coast Population, Group of brown pelicans Nucleus Nerve Spinal cord Cell Nerve cell Tissue Nervous tissue Organ Brain Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Brain ا Life’s hierarchy of organization

1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level  The upper tier is a global perspective of life Biosphere Biosphere - all the environments (ecosystems) on Earth that support life Ecosystem - Ecosystem - all the organisms (communities) living in a particular area Community - Community - the array of organisms (different populations) living in a particular ecosystem Population - Population - all the individuals of a species only interbread with each other within a specific area

1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level  The middle tier is characterized by the organism, an individual living thing, which is composed of Organ systems Organ systems - have specific functions; are composed of organs Organs - Organs - provide specific functions for the organism Tissues - Tissues - made of groups of similar cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level  Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower tier, which is composed of Molecules Molecules - clusters of atoms Organelles Organelles - membrane-bound structures with specific functions Cells Cells - living entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Atoms are organized into molecules ⇒ organells ⇒ cells ⇒ tissues ⇒ organs ⇒ systems ⇒ organism ⇒ population ⇒ community ⇒ ecosystem ⇒ biosphere

1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy  Life requires interactions between living and nonliving components producers –Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called producers consumers –Others eat plants (or animals that profit from plants) and are called consumers  The nonliving components are chemical nutrients required for life Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy  To be successful, an ecosystem must accomplish two things Recycle chemicals necessary for life Move energy through the ecosystem –Energy enters as light and exits as heat Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ecosystem Producers (such as plants) Sunlight Cycling of chemical Nutrients Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals) ) Heat The cycling of nutrients and flow of energy in an ecosystem

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life  Form generally fits function 1.By studying a biological structure, you determine what it does and how it works 2.Life emerges from interactions of structures system 3.Combinations of structures (components) provide organization called a system Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life  Two distinct groups of cells exist  Prokaryotic cells 1.Genetic material is not surrounded 2.by a nuclear membrane 3.Simple and small 4.Bacteria are prokaryotic  Eukaryotic cells 1.Genetic material is surrounded by a 2.a nuclear membrane 3.Possess organelles separated by membranes 4.Plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

DNAدنا (no nuclear envelop) Prokaryotic cell Membrane Eukaryotic cell Nucleus (contains DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane) Organelles Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features  DNA  DNA is the genetic (hereditary) material of all cells –Gene –Gene is a discrete unit of DNA –The chemical structure of DNA accounts for its function –The diversity of life results from differences in DNA structure from individual to individual Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nucleus DNA Cell Nucleotide (a)DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA DNA: The genetic material

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features  All living things share common properties Order Order - The complex organization of living things Regulation Regulation - An ability to maintain an internal environment consistent with life Growth and development Growth and development - consistent growth and development controlled by DNA Energyprocessing Energy processing - acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organism through metabolism

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features  Common properties continued  Response to the environment  Response to the environment - an ability to respond to environmental stimuli  Reproduction  Reproduction - the ability to perpetuate the species  Evolutionary adaptation  Evolutionary adaptation - acquisition of traits that best suit the organism to its environment Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Some important properties of life ( 3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing (2) Regulation (1)Order (5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation

(1) Order So me important properties of life All living things exhibit complex but ordered Organization, as seen in the highly ordered Structure of a sunflower

(2) Regulation Some important properties of life For example, a jackrabbit can adjust its body temperature by regulating The amount of blood flowing through its ears. when the rabbit ’ s body temperature rises, more blood flows through the vessel in its ears, allowing excess heat to be released to the air.

(3) Growth and development Some important properties of life Information carried by genes the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents To offspring – controls the pattern of growth and development in all organisms, including the Nile crocodile

(4) Energy processing Metabolism Some important properties of life Fro example, when this bear eats the fish, it will use the chemical energy stored in the fish to power its own activities and chemical reactions (metabolism)

(5) Response to the environment Some important properties of life All organisms respond to environmental stimuli Fro example, a Venus flytrap closes its trap in response to the environmental stimulus of an insect landing on it

(6) Reproduction Some important properties of life Organisms reproduce their own kind, by producing offsprings. This emperor Penguins is protecting its baby. By reproduction survival of the specie, not extinction, is achieved

(7) Evolutionary adaptation Some important properties of life Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change (evolve) over time Fro example, the appearance of the pygmy seahorses has evolved in the way that camouflage the animal in its environment

1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains  The three domains (groups) of life –Bacteria –Bacteria - prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic –Archaea –Archaea - like bacteria, are prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic –Eukarya –Eukarya - are eukaryotic and contain a nucleus and organelles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Domain Eukarya Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Fungi Archaea (multiple kingdoms) Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Bacteria (multiple kingdoms) Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae The three domains of life

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature  Two approaches are used to understand natural causes for natural phenomena –Discovery science –Discovery science - uses verifiable observations and measurements to describe science –Hypothesis- basedscience –Hypothesis- based science - uses the data from discovery science to explain science –This requires proposing and testing of hypotheses Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature theory hypothesis  There is a difference between a theory and a hypothesis hypothesis –A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations theory –A theory is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses  We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses –An example would be the reasoning we use to answer the question, “Why doesn’t the flashlight work?” –Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem is either the (1) bulb or (2) batteries. –The hypothesis must be testable –The hypothesis must be falsifiable Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hypothesis #1: Dead batteries Observations Question ا Hypothesis #2: Burned-out bulb Test prediction ا Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem An example of hypothesis-based science

1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses  Another hypothesis: Mimicry helps protect nonpoisonous  king snakes from predators where poisonous coral snakes also live  The hypothesis predicts that predators learn to avoid the warning coloration of coral snakes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses  Experimentation supports the prediction of the mimicry hypothesis—nonpoisonous  snakes that mimic coloration of coral snakes are attacked less frequently The experiment has a control group using brown artificial snakes for comparison The experimental group is artificial snakes with the red, black, and yellow ring pattern of king snakes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Eastern coral snake (poisonous)

Scarlet king snake (nonpoisonous)

Artificial king snake that was not attacked (left); artificial brown snake that was attacked by a bear (right)

Artificial king snake that was not attacked

artificial brown snake that was attacked by a bear

You should now be able to 1.Describe life’s hierarchy of organization 2.2. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments 3. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells 4. Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life 5. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis-based science 6. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــحتعريف المصطلــــــــــح Biology Is The Science Of Life In All Its Living Forms, Plants, Animals And Microorganisms Including Man علم الحياة هو علم دراسة ظاهرة الحياة ممثلة في النبات والحيوان والكائنات الدقيقة وكذا الإنسان Biology Is The Scientific Study Of Lifeعلم الأحياء هو الدراسة العلمية للحياة The Term “Biology” Derived From Bios = Life And Logos = Science Logos مصطلح “Biology” مشتق من كلمتين يونانيتين : Bios يعني حياة و Logos يعني علـــم Living Organismsالكائنات الحية Adaptation التكيف وهي التهيؤ والاستعداد الفطري للكائن الحي للعيش تحت ظروف بيئته التي يوجد فيها Evolution التطور هو عملية التغير المفطور عليها الكائن التي يكيف بها حياته ويحورها Organization التعضية صفة أخرى هامة للكائنات الحية بها تحدد موضوعات الدراسة في علم الأحياء Hierarchy Of Lifeالتنظيم الهرمي للحياة Emergent Propertiesصفات جديدة تعرف بالصفات الناشئة Biosphere الغلاف الجوي – كل البيئات ( الأنظمة البيئية ) الداعمة للحياة على الأرض Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology مدخل : التعريف بعلم الحياة

Ecosystem النظام البيئي – كل الجماعات من الكائنات المختلفة التي تعيش في منطقة معينة Community الجماعة – كل الكائنات المختلفة ( العشائر المختلفة ) التي تعيش في نظام بيئي معين Population العشيرة – كل أفراد النوع الواحد يتزاوجون فيما بينهم فقط في منطقة معينة Organ Systemsالأجهزة العضوية – لها وظائف محددة وتتألف من أعضاء Organsالأعضاء – تؤدي وظائف محددة للكائن Tissuesالأنسجة – مكونة من مجموعة من الخلايا المتشابهة Moleculesجزيئات – تجمع من الذرات Organellesعضيات – تراكيب غشائية ذات وظائف محددة Cellsخلايا – كيانات حية تفترق بغشاء عن بيئتها Living And Nonliving Componentsالمكونات الحية والغير الحية Photosynthetic Organismsالكائنات القادرة على البناء الضوئي Producers Are Called And Provide Foodالمُنتجات توفر الغذاء Consumers بالمُستهلكات كائنات تتغذى على النباتات ( أو على حيوانات تتغذى على النباتات ) The Nonliving Components المكونات غير الحية عبارة عن مواد غذائية كيميائية ضرورية للحياة

Recycle Chemicalsإعادة تدوير الكيماويات Necessary For Life Move Energy Through The Ecosystemتحريك الطاقة خلال النظام البيئي Prokaryotic Cellsخلايا أولية النواة Genetic Material Is Not Surrounded By A Nuclear Membrane المادة الوراثية غير محاطة بغلاف نووي Simple And Smallصغيرة وبسيطة Bacteria Are Prokaryoticالبكتيريا أولية النواة Eukaryotic Cellsخلايا حقيقية النواة Possess Organelles Separated By Membranesتمتلك عضيات محاطة بأغشية تفصلها عن السيتوبلازم Plants, Animals, And Fungi Are Eukaryoticالنباتات والحيوانات والفطريات حقيقية النواة Nucleusنواة Contains DNA Surrounded By Nuclear Membrane تحتوي على دنا محاط بغلاف نووي Membraneغشاء DNA Is The Genetic (Hereditary) Material Of All Cells الدنا هو المادة الوراثية لكل الخلايا A Gene Is A Discrete Unit Of DNAالجين عبارة عن وحدة مميزة من الدنا

Orderالنظام – التعضي المعقد للكائنات الحية Regulation التنظيم – المقدرة على المحافظة على بيئة داخلية متناسقة مع الحياة Growth And Developmentالنمو والتطور الجنيني Energy Processing معالجة الطاقة – إكتساب الطاقة وتحويلها لصورة نافعة للكائن بممارسة الأيض Response To The Environmentالاستجابة للبيئة – قدرة الاستجابة للمؤثرات البيئي Reproductionالتكاثر – المقدرة على إكثار النوع Evolutionary Adaptation التكيف التطوري – اكتساب الصفات الأكثر تناسباً للكائن مع بيئته Domainsعوالـــم The Three Domains (Groups) Of Lifeهناك ثلاث عوالم ( مجاميع ) حيوية Bacteria - Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic البكتيريا – أولية النواة ، وعادة ما تكون وحيدة الخلية و مجهرية Archaea - Like Bacteria, Are Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic البدائيات – أولية النواة ، وعادة ما تكون وحيدة الخلية و مجهرية شأنها شأن البكتيريا Eukarya - Are Eukaryotic And Contain A Nucleus And Organelles حقيقيات النواة – خلايا حقيقية النواة أي لها نواة و عضيات

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE الطريقة العلمية Discovery Science العلم الاستقرائي – يستخدم مشاهدات وقياسات متنوعة لوصف العلم Hypothesis- Based Science العلم الافتراضي ( الإستنتاجي – الإستدلالي ) – يستخدم البيانات الذي يوفرها العلم الاستقرائي وذلك لوضع تفسيرات علمية ( إنه العلم التجريبي ) A Hypothesis الفرضية هي تفسير مقترح لمجموعة من المشاهدات وبمعنى آخر هي الإجابة التخمينية للأسئلة التي تثيرها المشاهدة A Theory النظرية هي إستنتاج علمي مبني على التجربة مؤيد بعدد كبير ومتزايد من الأدلة المدعومة بالتجارب