AP World History Review Technological and Environmental Transformations Period 1: to 600 BCE

Think Like a Historian…. For each time period you need to identify big picture ideas Before doing practice multiple choice questions identify 5-10 big picture ideas

Some things to think about… Periodization – WHY this periodization? Can you make an argument that a different periodization should be used? Changes and continuities – What changed within that time period? What stayed the same? Why? What changed from one time period to another? What stayed the same? What explains this?

Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth Humans migrated around the world, following herds of animals

I. Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions.

Adapted to environments, found new ways to survive Technology: -Fire (used to protect against predators, adapt to cold environments -stone tools (developed a wider range over time)

Small kinship groups -made what they needed to survive -interacted with each other – early cultural diffusion

1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution led to the development of new and more complex economic and social systems.

Neolithic Revolution Agriculture develops (approx. 10,000 BCE) -possibly caused by climate change -Slash and burn agriculture (environmental problems) Domestication of animals – Permanent settlements Improved technology related to agriculture – Irrigation, canals, bronze/iron metallurgy

Independent Invention vs Diffusion Debate: Did farming develop independently or as a result of cultural diffusion? Developed at different times in: -Mesopotamia -the Nile River Valley -sub-Saharan Africa -Indus River Valley -Yellow River (Huang He River Valley) -Papau New Guinea -MesoAmerica -Andes

Early Centers of Agriculture – Eastern Hemisphere

Pastoralism Pastoralism developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia Herded sheep, horses, goats, and/or cattle in central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and parts of Africa. No agriculture Fostered connections between cities, spread ideas, “agents of change”

Features of Early Neolithic Communities Animal and plant domestication – depending on the environment (Ex: less domestic animals in America) Communities work together to clear land and create the water control (irrigation, canals) systems needed for crop production – Organization of societies begins Agricultural practices and pastoralists drastically impacted environment (slash and burn agriculture; grazing animals – erosion)

II. Agriculture and Pastoralism transform societies

Abundant and more reliable food sources = increased population More food available, begin storing food, need to keep records of it – first writing systems developed Specialization of jobs Craftspeople, warriors, religious leaders, government officials – development of elites!

Population Growth More Stability = More People TimeWorld Population 10,000 BCE4 million 5000 BCE5 million 3000 BCE14 million 2000 BCE27 million 1000 BCE50 million 500 BCE100 million

Technological developments increase food production Wooden plows Wheels Sickles Traps Clay pots Woven baskets More efficient planting and harvesting of food = more stable, reliable food = population growth

Civilizations in the Americas did not develop the wheel – did not have horses or oxen or strong animals like the Europeans to pull carts and plows Domesticated llamas and alpacas

Elites accumulate wealth – creates hierarchal structures and promotes patriarchal forms of social organization Gender Roles change: men work on fields and hunting; women care for children, weave cloth – over time working outside the home was though of as more important work

1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies

Early Civilizations Rise of civilizations – Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) – Egypt (3000 BCE) – Indus River (2500 BCE) – China (2000 BCE) – Olmec (1400 BCE) – Chavin (900 BCE) Developed at different times Approximate dates – shows difficultly with periodization

Olmec and Chavin are unique because they did not develop in River Valleys!!! Independent Invention!!!!

Definition of Civilization System of Writing Complex Institutions Skilled Workers Advanced Technology Advanced Cities Civilization

II. The first states emerged within these civilizations -states -mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas - often led by ruler believed to be divine and/or was supported by military -states grew and competed for land and resources; those more favorable situated expanded their territory

Early state or empire building -Mesopotamia -Babylon -the Nile Valley

Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed agrarian civilizations Iron Weapons (Hittites and Assyrians used them for weapons to conquer places) Chariots -Hittites used them successfully to conquer Egypt

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths and monumental art

Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning Ziggurats -temples, religious and political centers Pyramids -built for pharaohs to prepare them for the afterlife – showed focus on religion

Elites promoted arts and artisanship -Sculpture -Painting -Wall Decorations -Elaborate Weaving

Systems of Record Keeping developed Cuneiform -Mesopotamia -symbols on clay tablets Hieroglyphics -Egyptian pictographs -Rosetta Stone

States developed legal codes (Code of Hammurabi) that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of government over people Code of Hammurabi -first codification of laws “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” -Varied punishments for social classes -ex: nobleman pays a fine, slave has hand cut off -Different laws for men and women (men held more power)

New religious beliefs develop Vedic Religion -Developed in Indus River Valley -influenced by Aryans -The Vedas are religious text -eventually evolves into Hinduism

New religious beliefs develop Hebrew Monotheism -around 2000 BCE; founder - Abraham -first monotheistic religion (worship only one God ) -Out of Mesopotamian region (Palestine region – modern day Israel) -10 Commandments (ethical code to live by) -basic belief: Covenant with God -founded kingdom of Israel

New religious beliefs develop Zoroastrianism Monotheistic Based on teachings of Zarathustra – saw vision of a supreme god Basic beliefs: -world is a blessing; enjoy in moderation -concepts of good and evil, heaven and hell, influenced Judaism and Christianity

Trade expanded from local to regional to transregional – goods, culture and technology exchanged (cultural diffusion): -Egypt and Nubia -Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley

Social Systems Emerge Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded Elites at the top (rulers and religious leaders) Craftspeople, merchants, laborers in the middle Slaves on the bottom Tended to be patriarchal – men held power in governments, religions and families Women attained political power supervising their young ruling sons or through marriage

Religions Hinduism -Developed in Indus River Valley -influenced by Aryans -The Vedas are religious text -One overall god (Brahma); takes many forms (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) -karma, dharma, caste system

Technological Developments Irrigation canals Metallurgy – copper – Bronze – Iron (Hittites and Assyrians used them for weapons)

Literature was a reflection of culture Epic of Gilgamesh -From Mesopotamia -addressed questions about life and death and explored human relationships The Rig Veda -From Indus River Valley -written by priests, early caste system The Book of the Dead -from Egypt Both this and Rig Veda sought to explain religious themes such as the origin of the Earth and its peoples and the destiny of humans after this life ends

Migrations Indo Europeans, Bantu, Polynesians Reasons for Migration (theme throughout time periods) -to find food -a good environment to live in -agricultural cycles -avoid environmental disasters -overpopulation -famines -forced

Migration: Indo Europeans

Migration: Polynesians

Migration: Bantu