1 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. CHAPTER 29 Feeding and Managing Swine

2 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Farrow to Finish Operators Breed gilts at 150 days of age Wean usually at 21 days of age Rebreed sows 3-5 d after weaning

3 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Move piglets into nursery building (segregated weaning) Move pigs into grower unit Move pigs into finishing unit Farrow to Finish Operators

4 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Feeder Pig Operators Professionally managed with total focus on the feeding enterprise Receive pigs typically at 35 lbs

5 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. May feed pigs to market weight May feed pigs to 150 lbs Very focused on risk management and marketing Feeder Pig Operators

6 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Finishing Operators Usually receive pigs between 35 and 150 lbs Traditionally feed pigs to lbs Most of industry pigs marketed on a lean value based marketing system

7 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Reproductive Cycle of Swine Gilt may begin cycling at 5 months of age Estrous cycle is 21 days Gestation – 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days (114 d) Less than 190 day of age to market A gilt takes approximately 15 months from her own conception until her first progeny is marketed

8 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Developing Gilts  Expose gilts to older sows once they reach lbs to allow adaptation to herd level pathogens.  Segregate pigs from 1 st litter gilts in the nursery and finishing barn.  Restrict feed intake (4 lb/d) following breeding for 3-5 d.  Increase feed to day 90 of pregnancy (5 lb/d).  From d. 90 to 3-5 d. prior to farrowing (6.5 lb/d)  Restrict feed 2-3 d. prior to parturition  Maximize feed intake during lactation

9 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Guidelines for Developing Gilts  At lbs expose to first-litter or older cull sows to allow adaptation to herd-level pathogens.  Segregate pigs from first-litter gilts in the nursery and finishing barn.  Feed a vitamin and mineral fortified ration.  Restrict feeding following breeding for 3 to 5 days and then increase intake up to 5 lb/day at 90 days.  Boost feed intake again from day 90 to 2-3 days prior to parturition.  During lactation focus on lycine, calcium, and phosphorus.

10 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Bred Gilts Should Be Fed to Target Weights

11 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. AI Tech. Impact Tech. (256 sows) Farrowing Rate (%) Pigs/litter (alive) Total pigs Produced , , , ,377

12 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Baby Pig Management Newborns should be provided temperature of 95F (this temp can be reduced sequentially to about 60F at 75 lbs) Provided colostrum within 4-6 hrs post-birth Naval cord clipped and dipped in iodine, 8 needle teeth clipped, immunized against scours, administered iron, tail docked and castrated. Weaning can occur at weights over 10 pounds and up to 45 pounds.

13 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Ear-Notching System Used for Individual Animal Identification

14 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Iron Shot Being Administered to Baby Pig

15 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Farrowing Crate Prevents Sow from Crushing Pigs Use of heat lamp assists with providing optimum temperature for pigs

16 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Target Air Temperatures for Swine Weight/AgeOptimum (F)Range (F) Newborn days lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs - market

17 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Reasons for Preweaning Pig Mortality CausePercent Crushing54 Starvation (runt pigs/lactation failure) 14 Various – known10 Scours9 Respiratory problems5 Unknown8

18 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Weaned Pigs in a Modern Nursery System

19 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Protein Changes With Production Gestation13.8 Pre-farrowing16.3 Lactation <8 pigs (1 period)15.1 Lactation < 8 pigs (2 period)15.7 Lactation > 9 pigs (1 period)16.9 Lactation > 9 pigs (2 period)17.1

20 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Protein Percent in Diets of Growing/Finishing Hogs Early Weaned lbs lbs lbs17 Grow/Finish High Lean Barrow lbs lbs market14

21 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Pigs in a Growing and Finishing Unit

22 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Swine Enterprise Performance Benchmarks Litters farrowed/sow/yr2.2 Farrowing rate80% Pigs weaned/sow/year>20 Days to market<190 days Herd feed efficiency<3.3 to 1

23 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Feed Intake in Lactating Sows (lb/hd/d) Day of Lactation1 st Litter GiltsSowsFeeding Frequency Farrowing461x x x x x x x x x

24 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Providing Water to Swine StageHead per Nipple Waterer Waterer Span (ft) Minimum Flow Rate per Minute Nursery Grower Finisher Gestation Lacation1NA3-4

25 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Automatic Nipple-Style Waterer

26 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Farrow to Finish System with Automated Feed Delivery

27 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Feed Related Odor Control Practices ProtocolPercent Adoption Finely ground grain27 Vegetable oil to control dust 24 Low CP – synthetic amino acids 20 Pelleting15 Phytase11 Other feed additives10 Add 10% fiber8

28 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Nutritional Management to Reduce Excess N and P Method Potential decrease in N (%) Potential decrease in P (%) Precision ration formulation Limit protein and amino acid supplements Include highly digestible feeds Include phytase with reduced P supplementation Incorporate phase- feeding 5-10

29 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Good Herdsmanship is Required for Profitability

30 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Swine Handling and Transport Guidelines  Handlers should move slowly among pigs in a pen for 1 minute per day or 5 minutes per week during the finishing period.  Feed should be withheld for 4–6 hours prior to loading or 12–18 hours prior to harvest. Ready access to water should be provided.  Eliminate shadows and assure even distribution of light.  Panels, paddles, or flags should be used to move hogs. Avoid any contact that might injure or stress the animal.  Move groups of 5–6 pigs on 3-ft.-wide alleys and only 3 pigs in a 2-ft.-wide alley.  Load pigs in the evening or early morning during periods when mid- or late-day heat and humidity are high.  Use partitions to divide the load.

31 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.  Avoid sharp turns in alleys; loading chutes should have less than 20°angles.  Minimize fighting among pigs by avoiding co-mingling of large groups of pigs in alleyways or holding areas.  The number of pigs per-running-foot of truck floor space (92 in. truck) should be 2.2 for 200-lb hogs, 1.8 for 250-lb hogs, and 1.6 for 300-lb hogs.  Avoid leaving pigs standing on a stationary, fully loaded truck.  Drivers should operate smoothly to avoid injuring pigs.  Schedule arrival at the packing plant so that hogs can be promptly off-loaded Swine Handling and Transport Guidelines

32 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Cost Components of a Farrow-to-Finish Operation FactorPercent of Total Cost Feed58 Labor9 Depreciation6 Interest6 Marketing/transport5 Vet and vet supply4 Fuel, oil, utilities4 Other8

33 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Average Monthly Returns for a Farrow- to-finish Enterprise