ROMI ZAMHIR ISLAMI LAB TANAMAN MAKANAN TERNAK UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN

Calliandra calothyrsus  Lokal : Kaliandra, Kaliandra Merah  Morphological description  Small, perennial, leguminous tree growing m high. Trunk diameter up to 30 cm. Leaves are bipinnateperennialtreebipinnate  Introduced into Indonesia in 1936 and from there to other parts of the tropics, notably east Africa, the area where it is now most widely used for fodder.

Ecology Soil requirements Grows well on a wide range of soil types ranging from deep volcanic loams to more acidic metamorphic sandy clays. metamorphic Moisture Top In its native range, grows in annual rainfall regimes of 700-3,000 mm with 1-7 dry months. annualrainfall Temperature Adapted to altitudes from 0-1,850 m asl. Mean monthly maximum temperatures of 24-28ºC, and mean minimum temperatures of 18-24ºC. asl Light Intolerant of heavy shade. In Uganda and Tanzania it is being adopted in home garden systems where it is planted under banana with moderate shade.

Defoliation  Depends on use. First cut 8-12 months after sowing. For maximum leaf production, cut to a height of m every 2-3 months.  Normally cut for feeding as direct grazing by cattle, sheep and goats will normally result in high rates of plant mortality.  Slashing calliandra to less than 30 cm above ground level and allowing ruminants to graze the regrowth can reduce plant mortality. This limits the stripping of bark and cambium from the stem. Calliandra is generally recommended for cut-and-carry feeding rather than for use in direct grazing systems.cambiumstem

Feeding value  Nutritive value  Top Top  In vitro digestibility of dried leaf from 19 provenances ranged from 24-47%. reasonable animal production is achieved where calliandra has been adopted as a supplement to poor quality basal diets or as a partial replacement of concentrate feeds. Good source of the vitamin carotene. In vitro  Palatability/acceptability  Freshly harvested leaves of calliandra are generally highly palatable to ruminants where animals have prior experience with the forage, although some problems with palatability have been reported from Mexico and Central America. Provenances vary in palatability to some extent. Palatability is significantly reduced when wilted or dried leaves are fed at high levels of supplementation. foragepalatability Palatability

Production potential  Dry matter  Produces DM yields of 3-14 t/ha/year, depending on climate and soil fertility. soil fertility  Animal production  Top Top  Generally used to improve the utilisation of low quality grasses or as a replacement for concentrate feeds. In Zambia, goats fed a basal diet of poor quality hay lost weight at 20 g/day. Weight gains of 24 g/day were achieved when supplemented with 140 g/day DM of calliandra leaf. In Indonesia, sheep liveweight gains increased from 26 up to 52 g/day when supplementation levels of fresh calliandra leaf increased from 0-35% of total ration. Cattle direct grazing calliandra over a 12-month period in Indonesia gained 0.33 kg/head/day. 3 kg of fresh calliandra leaf plus 2 kg of concentrate feed provided a similar response in milk yield and butterfat to 3 kg of concentrate feed. hay  Not suitable as a feed for monogastric animals due to its high levels of astringent CTs. Small amounts may be fed to chickens as leaf meal: the carotene content gives a dark yellow yolk which can increase the market value of the eggs.monogastric

Lokal : Sentro Morphological description (Description referring to the C. pubescens form as represented by cv. Belalto). Perennial, trailing-climbing herb with strong tendency to root at nodes of trailing stems. Leaves trifoliolate,C. pubescens Perennialclimbingherbtrifoliolate Uses/applications Grazed pastures in mixture with a grass, legume -only protein bank, cut-and-carry. Potential also as soil cover.grasslegume

Lokal : GAMAL Uses/applications Living fences/hedges, cut and carry feed for ruminants, alley farming, protein banks, green manure, support, shade, honey, rodenticide, medicinal, firewood, pigmentation of eggs.cut and carryalley farminggreen manure

Production potential  Dry matter  Annual leaf DM production varies from 2-20 t/ha/year, depending on a wide range of factors. In fodder plots, annual yields of 5-16 t/ha of leaf DM, or up to 43 t/ha fresh leaves have been obtained. In Nigeria, gliricidia hedgerows interplanted with 4 rows of Panicum grasses yielded 20 t/ha/year of total DM (grass and gliricidia). Annualannualhedgerowsgrass  Animal production  Top Top  Gliricidia is normally used as a green forage, protein supplement to low-quality tropical forages and by- products for cattle, sheep and goats. It may be used as the sole feed in the dry season. Feeding levels have been 1-3% of body weight for cattle and goats, indicating a supplementation level of %, although a 20-40% level is more common. Increases in liveweight gains of approximately 25% have been reported for steers grazing gliricidia-grass pastures, compared with steers grazing grass alone. Results from experiments with dairy cows and buffaloes reported similar or slightly increased milk yield and milk fat yield when concentrates were replaced by gliricidia forage up to about 25% of intake. The effects of gliricidia forage on reproducing ruminants have been variable. In one trial, ewes supplemented with gliricidia produced a higher lamb crop, better lamb weights and had reduced ewe weight loss compared with those not fed gliricidia. In an unrelated trial, lambing results were poorer when gliricidia was fed, due to lower feed intake, possibly as a result of insufficient adaptation to the forage. Laying chickens fed sun-cured gliricidia at 4.5% of total diet gave good egg production, egg weight and yolk colour. Yellow yolk colour can be achieved by feeding milled leaves at 2-4% of the ration. Diets containing up to 10% gliricidia can be fed to growing chicks without affecting performance and survival, but higher rates may have anti-nutritive effects.foragegrass forage

Lokal = Turi, Toroy, Tuwi Uses/applications Valued as a fodder throughout Indonesia, particularly for dry season feeding of cattle and goats. Commonly grown on paddy bunds, and around gardens or cropping fields for its nitrogen contribution. The sparse canopy of S. grandiflora casts relatively little shade, hence its suitability close to sun- loving crops and gardens. S. grandiflora grows fast enough to be used as an annual green manure crop. The leaves, seed pods and flowers are used as human food in southeast Asia. The light density wood of S. grandiflora makes poor firewood and is not durable as a timber, however it can be used for low quality pulp. Poles are used for light construction but have limited durability. Used as a shade crop and as a support for climbing crops. Also used as a component of windbreaks.canopyS. grandifloraS. grandiflora annualgreen manureS. grandifloraclimbing

Production potential Dry matter An annual yield of 27 kg of green leaf/tree was achieved by harvesting side branches A green manure yield of 55 t/ha green material in 6.5 months was achieved in Java. Wood yields of m³/ha/year are achieved in commercial plantations in Indonesia.annualtreegreen manure Animal production Top No long-term animal production studies have been reported, but S. grandiflora is a major component of ruminant diets in eastern Indonesia where it may comprise up to 70% of total forage allowance during the dry season. Anecdotal reports of high liveweight gains in cattle are common. In India, milk yield was increased by 8% ( l/day) when cattle were fed 5 kg fresh leaf/day. In Western Samoa, goats failed to gain weight when supplemented with S. grandiflora, although the reasons for this poor result were not identified. The authors suggested that supplementation with S. grandiflora should be limited to 30% of total feed on the basis of this experiment. Poor weight gains in chickens has led to the recommendation that supplementation of poultry feeds with S. grandiflora should be limited to 2% of total ration.S. grandifloraruminantforageS. grandifloraS. grandiflora

Lokal : Lamtoro Feeding value Nutritive value Top L. leucocephalaL. leucocephala foliage is noted for its very high nutritive value for ruminant production. Typical values for the edible fraction are 55-70% digestibility, % N, 6% ether extract, 6-10% ash, 30-50% N-free extract, % Ca and % P. Na levels are generally below requirements for ruminants at %. Leaves also contain 2-6% condensed tannins (CT), phenolic compounds which bind and protect dietary protein from degradation in the rumen. Providing that the protein-CT complexes dissociate post-ruminally allowing N absorption in the lower gut, CTs have the potential to increase protein uptake.ruminantrumen Palatability/acceptability L. leucocephalaL. leucocephala is highly palatable to most grazing animals, especially compared to other forage tree legumes such as Calliandra calothyrsus and Gliricidia sepium.foragetreeCalliandra calothyrsusGliricidia sepium

Production potential  Dry matter  Yields of forage vary with soil fertility, rainfall, altitude, density and cutting frequency from 1-15 t/ha/year. Leaf yield is maximised by cutting at 6-12 week intervals during the growing season. Yields in extensive hedgerow plantings in the dry tropics and subtropics generally range from 2-6 t/ha/year. Very high yields (>15 t/ha/year) in southeast Asia and Hawaii, with plants m apart in rows 1-3 m apart. Fuelwood yields compare favourably with the best tropical trees, with height increments of 3-5 m/year and wood increments of m³/ha/year for arboreal varieties.foragesoil fertilityrainfallgrowing season  Animal production  Top Top  Excellent growth rates of 1.26 kg/head/day for cattle grazing leucaena-buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris ) pastures over a 6-month period were reported in Queensland, Australia, although growth rates are more commonly kg/head/year ( kg/head/day). Under irrigation in northwestern Australia, annual liveweight gains of up to 1,700 kg/ha/year have been recorded for cattle grazing at 6 head/ha. grassCenchrus ciliaris annual