Prologue

Prologue Vocabulary Density: the quantity of matter contained in a given amount of space (D=M/V). Equator: an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0° Inference: an interpretation of one or more observations. International Date Line: Roughly follows the 180o meridian & is a continuation of the prime Meridian on the other side of the globe. Latitude: angular distance north or south of the equator. Longitude: angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Mass: the amount of matter in a body. Observation: an interaction of one or more of the (five) senses with the environmental surroundings. Prime Meridian: the reference line for longitude, which passes through Greenwich, England. Volume: the amount of space an object takes up.

Observation and Inference Observation - facts that you can see, touch, smell and hear You are not making any guesses An observation is not an opinion Ex: This rock is black → Inference - using your observations to make a guess about an object This can be a scientific opinion Ex: This rock is igneous →

Mass, Volume, Density Mass - The amount of matter in an object –Measured using a balance or scale –Mass is the weight of an object including the effects of gravity –Units usually used in Regents Earth Science are grams (g) Volume - The amount of space an object takes up –Regular objects are measured with a ruler and the formula volume = length × width × height –Irregular objects are measured using water displacement –Units used in Regents Earth Science are milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cm³) Density – The ratio of mass per volume for an object –density = mass ÷ volume (formula in your ESRT, p. 1) –Units used in Regents Earth Science are g/mL or g/cm³ If you are using the triangle, cover up whatever variable you are solving for. If the remaining letters are on the same level, multiply them. If one is above the other, divide top by bottom.

Density Relationships The density of an object is not dependent on it’s size or shape. –This means that five different sized (or shaped) pieces of quartz will all have the same density. –It also means that if you break an object into smaller pieces, all of the pieces will have the same density as each other and as the original piece. Correct Answer: (3) Objects with lower densities will float on liquids that have higher densities This rock is less dense than the liquid →

Graphing Relationships Direct Relationship - when both the “x” and “y” variables are increasing Indirect relationship – when one variable is increasing and the other variable is decreasing Cyclic Relationship – when there is a repetitive pattern to the data

Latitude Latitude – a position’s location as measured north (°N) or south (°S) of the equator (0°) –Latitude lines are drawn from west to east (left to right) on a map –Latitude lines measure the distance north or south of the Equator –Latitude lines are parallel to each other and to the equator, they never touch or intersect –The minimum value for latitude is 0° (Equator) –The maximum values for latitude are 90°N (the North Pole) and 90°S (the South Pole) –New York is north of the equator –Maps in ESRT p. 2,3,4,5

Longitude Longitude – a position’s location as measured east (°E) or west (°W) of the Prime Meridian (0°) –Each longitude line is curved and touches both the north pole and the south pole –Longitude lines are closer together at the poles and farther apart at the equator –Longitude lines measure the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian –The minimum value for longitude is 0° (Prime Meridian) –The maximum value for longitude is 180° (International Date Line)

Latitude/Longitude - Degrees (◦) and Minutes (') Each single degree is broken into 60 minutes. These minutes are a unit of distance and have nothing to do with time. 14°N °30' 13°N Therefore, halfway between the two lines can be estimated to be 30 minutes. Draw this line in. The line you drew would have a latitude of 13°30' –The space between the line you drew and the 14°N line represents 13°31' and 13°59'. –The space between the line you drew and the 13°N line represents 13°01' and 13°29'. The process is the same for lines of longitude.

Latitude/Longitude Degrees and Minutes Examples (turn to p. 3 in ESRT): Location Latitude Longitude Ithaca 42°30' N 76°30' W Oswego 43°30' N 76°30' W Rochester 43°15' N 77°30' W Buffalo 42°45' N 78°45' W

Longitude and Time Zones Earth is divided into 24 time zones. Each time zone is 15° longitude wide. This number is determined by dividing the number of degrees in a circle by the number of hours in one day (360° ÷ 24 hr = 15° per hour). Starting with the Prime Meridian (0° longitude), every 15° represents a new time zone. Locations to the west of a given point have an earlier time, one hour earlier for every 15° of longitude. Locations to the east of a given point have a later time, one hour later for every 15° of longitude. Ex: California is 45° west of New York. If it is 11:00 am in New York, what time is it in California? Answer: 45 ° ÷ 15° per hour = 3 hours (the degrees cancel out) 11:00 – 3 hours = 8:00 am