Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Philippines: Country Presentation Teofilo Y. Garcia Health Physics Research Section Philippine Nuclear Research Institute Quezon City, Philippines IAEA/RCA Project Planning Meeting Establishing a Benchmark for Assessing the Radiological Impact of Nuclear Power Activities on the Marine Environment in the Asia-Pacific Region Vienna, Austria, July 2007 Vienna, Austria, July 2007

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Focus of Report  Review of Philippine database on marine radioactivity  Proposed list of activities at the national level for

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Map of the Philippines

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Nuclear Power Plant Program in the Philippines Philippine Nuclear Power Plant-1 (mothballed)  Environmental impact assessments, environmental radioactivity analysis, bioaccumulation factor measurements and all other exercises and requirements were completed  The PNPP-1 was mothballed in 1986 due to public concerns about safety (became a political issue)  Potential loss of 621MW in energy grid resulting to frequent power outages Future plans on nuclear power  25-year energy development plan to provide stable and adequate energy supply in the country  Use of nuclear power included in the plan  Capability building considered a high priority (nuclear engineers and scientists)  Emergency response plan/preparedness

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Lists of Activities at the National Level  Maintain capability to measure environmental marine radioactivity  Collect baseline data against which we can assess accidental releases  Assess level of radioactivity in seafood  Measure TENORM in coal-fired power plants, fertilizer plants and mines

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Average Composition of Daily Diet of Filipinos

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Mean Per Capita Consumption of Marine Products (kg/year) MARINE PRODUCTPHILIPPINESURBANRURAL Fresh Fish Dried Fish4.445 Processed Fish4.044 Crustaceans and Molluscs TOTAL40.6

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Sources of Radioactivity in the Philippines Natural radiation – Dominant source of radioactivity  Cosmic radiation  Terrestrial radiation  baseline values of 40 K, 238 U and 232 Th in soil collected in various parts of the country  TENORM  Marine radioactivity  MARDOS  ASPAMARD Anthropogenic sources – Fallout, medical, industrial and other applications of radiation

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 <40.00 nGy/h nGy/h nGy/h nGy/h nGy/h  nGy/h N = 1691 Mean: 52 ± 7 nGy/h Range: nGy/h Legend: Map of the Philippines: Mean gamma dose rates

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Natural Radioactivity Measurements in the Philippines Absorbed dose rate in air Cosmic radiation29 nGy h -1 Terrestrial radiation23 nGy h -1 Philippines52 nGy h -1

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Naturally Occurring Radionuclides (Topsoil) in the Philippines Radionuclide Average activity (Bq/kg wet weight) Range of activity (Bq/kg wet weight) 238 U13 ± 101 – Th13 ± 111 – K204 ±

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July Cs Levels in Environmental Samples Sample type 137 Cs Mean activity concentration Method of analysisnArithmetic mean RainwaterRadiochemical ± Bq/L SurfacewaterRadiochemical ± Bq/L GroundwaterRadiochemical ± Bq/L SpringwaterRadiochemical ± Bq/L DrinkingwaterRadiochemical ± Bq/L SeawaterRadiochemical ± Bq/L GrassRadiochemical ± 0.51 Bq/kg TopsoilRadiochemical / Gammametric ± 2.13 Bq/kg Air sampleGammametric ± 0.37 mBq/m 3

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July Cs Levels in Environmental Samples (Cont’d.) Sample type 137 Cs Mean activity concentration Method of analysisnArithmetic mean Diet (3 meals)Gammametric ± 0.64 Bq/kg wet CerealsGammametric ± 0.24 Bq/kg wet Meat (pork)Gammametric61.38 ± 1.22 Bq/kg wet Fish/MolluscGammametric ± 0.26 Bq/kg wet VegetablesGammametric ± 0.39 Bq/kg wet

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Summary Data on 137 Cs levels in the Marine Environment (ASPAMARD)

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Summary Data on Pu Levels in the Marine Environment (ASPAMARD)

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Natural Radionuclides in the Vicinity of Phosphate Fertilizer Industrial Plant Sample 238 U (Bq/kg) 232 Th (Bq/kg) 40 K (Bq/kg) Soil*12.30 ± ± ± 1.09 Soil36.27 ± ± ± 1.56 Soil ± ± ±13.14 Sediment135.85± ± ± U 13Bq/kg 232 Th 13Bq/kg 40 K 204 Bq/kg

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Natural Radionuclides Released Into the Environment Due to Mt. Pinatubo Eruption Radionuclide Mean activity concentration (Bq/kg wet weight) Pre-eruption (topsoil) Post -eruption (volcanic ash) 40 K140.0 ± ± U6.5 ± ± Th8.1 ± ± 4.7

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Radionuclide Concentrations in Seawater, Sampling Arean 137 Cs (Bq/m 3 ) Dupong Bay, Isabel, Leyte65.10 San Fernando Bay, Poro Point, La Union Subic Bay, Olongapo, Zambales31.50 Manila Bay, Cavite10.60 MEAN (all locations)2.28 ± 1.96

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Radionuclide Concentrations in Sediment, Sampling Arean 137 Cs (Bq/kg) 226 Ra (Bq/kg) 232 Th (Bq/kg) 40 K (Bq/kg) 210 Pb (Bq/kg) Dupong Bay, Isabel, Leyte Subic Bay, Olongapo, Zambales Manila Bay, Cavite (n=4) MEAN (all locations)1.16 ± ± ± ± ± 38.75

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Radionuclide Concentrations in Biota, Sampling Arean 137 Cs (Bq/kg) 226 Ra (Bq/kg) 232 Th (Bq/kg) 40 K (Bq/kg) Dupong Bay, Isabel, Leyte ND758.6 Subic Bay, Olongapo, Zambales 11.25ND 2,585.2 San Fernando Bay, Poro Point, La Union 60.55NdND MEAN (all locations)0.95 ± ND1167 ± 1264

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Radionuclide Concentrations in Seawater, Sampling Arean 137 Cs 226 Ra 210 Po (Bq/m 3 ) Lingayen Gulf, Pangasinan Manila Bay, Cavite Ulugan Bay, Palawan32.37<LLD = East Sulu Sea, Zamboanga City 33.10<LLD = MEAN (all locations)3.10 ± ± ± 0.06

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Radionuclide Concentrations in Sediment, Sampling Arean 137 Cs 226 Ra 210 Po (Bq/kg) Lingayen Gulf, Pangasinan Manila Bay, Cavite Ulugan Bay, Palawan East Sulu Sea, Zamboanga City MEAN (all locations)1.73 ± ± ± 18.52

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Radionuclide Concentrations in Biota, Sampling Arean 137 Cs 226 Ra 210 Po (Bq/kg) Lingayen Gulf, Pangasinan Manila Bay, Cavite Ulugan Bay, Palawan East Sulu Sea, Zamboanga City MEAN (all locations)1.38 ± ± ± 6.15

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Class n Range (Bq/kg wet EF*) Mean Activity (Bq/kg wet EF) Concen- tration Factor Arithmetic Mean (SD) Geometric Mean (SD) Fish (flesh) (0.47)0.39 (2.24) 93 Molluscs octopus, squid, cuttlefish (except bony part) Oyster, mussel (soft tissue) (0.20) 0.16 (2.60) 38 Crustaceans Shrimp, crab (soft tissue) (0.12)0.18 (2.39) 43 Seawater Bq m (2.66) Bq m (1.62) Bq m Cs Specific Activity in Fish, Molluscs, Crustaceans and Seawater and Concentration Factors, 1997 * EF = edible fraction

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Percentage Edible Fraction in Fish and Shellfish Class Edible Fraction (Percentage) Fish Anchovies Large fishes 100% 53% Molluscs Oyster, mussel (soft tissue) Squid, octopus (body, head and tentacles) 21% 94% Crustaceans Crab (soft tissue) Shrimp (flesh and part of head) 23% 57%

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 PNRI Project – ( ) Marine Radioactivity Monitoring Program: Benchmarking for Assessing Radiological Impact of Nuclear Power Activities  South China Sea (close to Taiwanese and Chinese power plants)  PNPP-1 site (Bataan, Luzon) Under this project, activities would include the following;  Collection of fish, seawater and sediment samples  Analysis of samples for key anthropogenic and naturally occurring radionuclides  Dose assessment of exposure to population  Submission of reports

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Survey of Key Anthropogenic and Naturally Occurring Radionuclides RADIONUCLIDESAMPLE OF INTEREST ANALYTICAL METHOD Anthropogenic 137 Cs Naturally Occurring 210 Po 226 Ra 232 Th 40 K Seawater/Sediment/ Commonly Eaten Fish Seawater/Sediment/ Commonly Eaten Fish, Seawater/Sediment/ Commonly Eaten Fish Sediment Commonly Eaten Fish Sediment Commonly Eaten Fish Gamma Spectrometry Radiochemical analysis for seawater; deposition of Ag disc, alpha counting by SSB detector Radiochemical analysis for seawater, Gamma counting of daughter products 214 Bi and 214 Pb with HPGe detector Gamma counting of daughter 228 Ac with HPGe detector Gamma counting with HPGe detector

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Human Exposure Pathways  Ingestion through the diet  Fishing  Recreational Activities (e.g. Swimming)

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007 Agencies/Institutions Concerned  Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)  Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)  Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD)  Marine Research Departments and several universities: a)Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines b)National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines

Philippines Country Report RAS/7/ July 2007