Nursing theories Part 2 Dr Aidah Alkaissi

Goal Attainment Theory Imogene King Goal Attainment Theory

Imogene King Described nursing as “a helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain تحقيق, maintain, and restore health” If this is not possible, nurses help individuals die with dignity.

Imogene King Viewed nursing as an interaction process between client and nurse During this process of perceiving, setting goals and acting on them, transitions occur and goals are achieved.

Health Care System Model Betty Neuman Health Care System Model

Betty Neuman Nursing: a unique profession in that it is concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stresses in nature Stresses: Intrapersonal (within the individual) Interpersonal (between one or more other people) Extrapersonal (outside the individual)

Betty Neuman 3 Major Concerns of Nursing Prevent stress invasion Protect the client’s basic structure Obtain a maximum level of wellness The nurse helps the client through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention modes, to adjust to environmental stressors and maintain client stability

Behavioral System Model Dorothy Johnson Behavioral System Model

Dorothy Johnson Johnson: Each person as a behavioral system is composed of seven subsystems, namely: Ingestive ابتلاعي Eliminative مزيل Affiliative الانتماء Aggressive Dependence Achievement Sexual and role identity behavior

Dorothy Johnson Each person tries to achieve balance and stability to function effectively He does this by adjusting and adapting to environmental forces through learned patterns of response

The Interpersonal Model Hildegard Peplau The Interpersonal Model

Hildegard Peplau Defined nursing as an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services; and a nurse especially educated to recognize and respond to the need for help

Hildegard Peplau Identified four phases of nurse-client relationship, namely: 1. Orientation. The nurse and the client initially do not know each other’s goals Testing the roles each will assume The client attempts to identify the difficulties and the amount of nursing help needed

Hildegard Peplau 2. Identification. The client responds to the professionals or the significant others who can meet the identified needs Both client and nurse plan together an appropriate program to foster health

Hildegard Peplau 3. Exploitation. استثمار The client utilizes all available resources to move toward a goal of maximum health or functionality

Hildegard Peplau 4. Resolution. تصميم Refers to the termination phase of the nurse-client relationship Occurs when the client’s needs are met and he/she can move toward a new goal. Growth is fostered in both the client and the nurse

The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship ORIENTATION

The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship IDENTIFICATION

The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship EXPLOITATION

The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship RESOLUTION

Patient-centered Approaches to Nursing Model Faye Abdellah Patient-centered Approaches to Nursing Model

Faye Abdellah Her theory emphasizes delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual needs of the client and family.

Faye Abdellah The nurse needs knowledge and skills in interpersonal relations, psychology, growth and development, communication, and sociology, as well as a knowledge of the basic sciences and specific nursing skills

Faye Abdellah In this approach, the nurse is a problem-solver and decision maker.

Faye Abdellah The nurse formulates an individualized view of the client’s needs, which may occur in the following areas Comfort, hygiene and safety Physiological balance Psychological and social factors Sociological and community factors

Care, Core and Cure Model Lydia Hall Care, Core and Cure Model

Lydia Hall According to her, nursing centers around three components: CARE CORE CURE

CARE Represents nurturance and is exclusive to nursing Carebears 

CORE Involves the therapeutic use of self and emphasizes the use of reflection Reflection 

CURE Focuses on nursing-related to the physician’s orders

Madeline Leininger

Leininger Trans-cultural nursing`: concepts, theories, and practices Caring behaviours as identified by Leininger Encompasses comfort, facilitating, health instruction, protective and restorative behaviours and support

Summary of Nursing Theories Theorist Goals of Nursing/Key Emphasis Nightingale To facilitate “the body’s reparative processes” by manipulating the client’s environment Henderson To work independently with other health care workers, assisting client in gaining independence as quickly as possible Nurses help client to perform 14 fundamental needs Rogers To maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled client through “humanistic science of nursing” “Unitary man” continuously changes and coexists with environment Roy To identify types of demands placed on client, assess adaptation to demands, and help client adapt Orem To care for and help client attain total self-care Self-care deficit theory: nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, development or social needs King Nursing process is defined as dynamic interpersonal process between nurse, client, and health care system Neuman Stress reduction is goal of systems model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention Johnson Subsystems exist in dynamic stability Peplau To develop interaction between nurse and client Nursing is a significant therapeutic four-phase interpersonal process Abdellah To provide service to individuals, families and society; to be kind and caring but also intelligent, competent and technically well-prepared to provide this service Hall Nursing centers around three components Nursing care is person directed toward self-love