SW C OLLEGE N OW C HAPTER A P OCKET G UIDE TO P UBLIC SPEAKING BY D AN O'H AIR, H ANNAH R UBENSTEIN AND ROB S TEWART

B ECOMING A P UBLIC S PEAKER C HAPTER ONE Top four Personal Qualities employers seek Strong work ethic Honesty/integrity Teamwork Skills Interpersonal Skills Communication skills

P UBLIC S PEAKING AS A FORM OF C OMMUNICATION Public Speaking is one of four categories of human communication: Dyadic Communication is communication between two people: ie. A conversation Small Group : involves a small number of people speaking directly w/one another Mass communication : occurs between a speaker and a lg audience of unknown people who are usually not present with the speaker and there is little or no interaction between speaker and listener. Public Speaking : a speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during delivery.

E LEMENTS IN THE COMMUNICATION P ROCESS In any communication event, several elements are present. Source, receiver, the message, the channel and shared meaning. 1. The source, or sender is the person who creates a message: creating the message is called encoding 2. The receiver is, the recipient of the source’s message decoding is the process of interpreting the message 3. the message : is the content of the communication process; thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions, again expressed both verbally and nonverbally the channel is the medium through which the speaker sends a message. noise, is any interference with the message 4. shared meaning is the mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience Feedback, the audience’s response to a message, can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally

Message receiver feedback Source Channel Shared meaning decoding Noise Encoding Pg 6 know for quiz

2 FACTORS C ONTEXT AND G OALS Context includes anything that influences the speaker, the audience, the occasion All speeches are delivered in response to a specific rhetorical situation, or a circumstance calling for public response. Always keep the audience centered- that is, that you keep the needs, values, attitudes, and wants of your listeners firmly in focus.  Goal or speech purpose is a final prerequisite for an effective speech. What is it that you want the audience to learn or do or believe as a result of your speech.

R HETORIC AND O RATORY The process of preparing a speech into five parts is called the Canons of rhetoric Invention refers to adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case Arrangemen t is organizing the speech in ways best suited to the topic and audience Style is the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas Memory and delivery are the methods of rehearsing and presenting the speech so that you achieve the most effective blend of content, voice, and nonverbal behavior.

S TEPS TO STARTING A SPEECH ( P. 8) 1.2 Select a topic Analyze the audience Determine the purpose Compose a thesis statement Develop the main points Gather supporting materials Separate the speech into its major parts Outline the speech Consider presentation aids Practice delivering the speech

C OMPOSE A THESIS STATEMENT A thesis statement should clearly expresses the central idea of your speech. While the specific purpose focuses your attention on what you want to achieve with the speech, The thesis statement concisely identifies for your audience, in a single sentence, what the speech is about:

C ONT. General purpose: to inform Specific purpose: to inform my audience about the privacy policy of the social networking site Facebook. Thesis statement: Facebook collects a wide variety of information about its users, and utilizes it for diverse and some times surprising purposes

D EVELOP THE MAIN POINTS Organize your speech around two or three main points. Thesis: Rather then censorship, concerns about the potential for clogging its computer system drove the U.S. military’s decision to block service members from accessing YouTube, MySpace, and ten other popular sites. I. The military based their selection of sites to block on highest volume use. II. In key war zones, limited infrastructure reduces the amount of bandwidth that is available to the military’s network III. Most deployed forces can still access the blocked sites using commercial Internet cafes and providers.

M AJOR S PEECH P ARTS ( P. 12) 1. Introduction: a. should arouse the audiences attention with a quotation, short story, example or other kind of attention-getting devices. 2. Body: a. clearly state the thesis b. develops the main points c. uses a transition to signal the conclusion 3. Conclusion: a. restate the thesis and reiterate how the main points confirm it, b. leave the audience with something to think about or challenge them to respond c. be prepared to answer questions.

O UTLINES ( P. 13) Outlines are based on the principle of coordination and subordination-the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another. 1. Coordinate Points are of equal importance and are indicated by their parallel alignment. 2. Subordinate points are given less weight than the main points they support and are placed to the right of the points they support. Coordinate points I. Main Point 1 II. Main Point 2 Subordinate points I. Main Point 1 A. First level of subordination 1. second level of subordination 2. second level of subordination a. third level of subordination b. third level of subordination

E THICS Is derived from the Greek word ethos meaning “character.” Our ethical conduct is a reflection of our values-our most enduring judgments or standards. Codes of ethical speech are built on moral rather than legal principles. Thus the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of speech, assures protection both to speakers who treat the truth with respect and to those whose words are inflammatory and offensive. Though often legally protected, racist, sexist, homophobic, pornographic, and other forms of negative speech clearly are unethical and should be avoided at all cost. An important measure of ethical speaking is whether it contributes something positive to public discourse.

P LAGIARISM : the passing off of another person’s information as one’s own-is as unethical in a speech as it is elsewhere. Any source that requires credit in written form should be acknowledged in oral form. (direct or paraphrased, facts or statistics, ideas, opinions theories gathered and reported by others. Refer to handout if in doubt

W HEN C ITING OTHER PEOPLE ’ S IDEAS Direct quotations: statements made verbatim Paraphrase: a restatement of someone else’s ideas, opinions, or theories in the speaker’s own words. Summary: a brief overview of someone else’s ideas, opinions, or theories. (sample on pg 28)

F AIR USE, COPYRIGHT AND ETHICAL SPEAKING Copyright: when using copyrighted material such as charts, photographs, video clips etc. you must determine when and if you need permission to use such works. (p. 29) Fair use: permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research. You must still give credit!

L ISTENING As an audience you will be asked to be an active listener. You may be called upon to grade your peers or ask questions about their topic. Listen for the speaker’s main ideas and take notes on main points. Always be respectful of others when they are speaking.