1 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Terawave Communications, Inc. Network Planning Course Module 4 Traffic Engineering

2 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Objectives At the end of this module, you will:  Understand the requirements for traffic engineering on a PON VP switching versus VC switching on ATM NIM Connection limits PON Bandwidth calculations –TDM connections –Data connections  Understand the requirements for traffic engineering on an INT Connection limits Bandwidth calculations –TDM connections –Data connections  How to determine the remaining bandwidth On a PCU (PON) On an ATM NIM On an INT Uplink On a DS3 SIM

3 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Contents Traffic Engineering On A PON –  VP switching versus VC switching on ATM NIM  Connection limits –  PON Bandwidth calculations TDM – Data – Traffic Engineering On an INT –  Connection limits –  PON Bandwidth calculations TDM – Data – How To Determine Remaining Bandwidth  PCU –  ATM NIM –  INT Uplink –  DS3 SIM –

4 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Connection Limits

5 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Connection Limits Each card that aggregates connections has a limit to the number of connections that it can handle The limit is determined by several factors  The type of card  The type of interface  The functions of the card  The processor NIM cards in the OLT generally can process a large number of connections as they are “system” aggregators and have a large interface capacity ONT cards generally can only process a small number of connections as the ONT is a small chassis and the number of connections on an ONT chassis are normally very small

6 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Connection Limits Card Type# of Connections STM-1 ATM NIM8,000 NAU, STM-164,000 PAU, TW-300 SME47 TW-300 LAN24 SIM, DS-3

7 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Connection Limits Why Is This Important? Normally, the connection limit is not an issue. Calls normally originate from SIM cards on an ONT or INT and are mapped to a NIM in a PON network or an Uplink port on an INT  The number of ports that can originate on an ONT are very limited and so the 128 connection limit is not an issue In the Kingston Communications network, an ONT with a DS3 SIM is being used as a gateway to a DSL network  Hundreds of voice and data calls are being mapped to/from the DSL network, through the DS3 SIM, through the PAU card and into a radio network via the ATM-1 ATM NIM

8 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Connection Limits Kingston Communications Network NERA STM 1 ATM LAN POTs/ Centrex Data Voice Video E1 X21/V35 Telemetry NERA Microwave STM1 System X Switch Tdsoft Proxi STM1 E1 Lincoln or Grimsby HULL Up to 32 ONTs on 1 PCU V5.1 DSLAM DS ?

9 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY VP Switching Versus VC Switching

10 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY VP Switching Versus VC Switching VC Switching In the ATM environment, there are several different levels on which connections can be switched from end-to-end The lowest level is on the Virtual Connection (VC) level On this level, each connection is carried through the network on its own merits Each VC is assigned its own unique combination of Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Connection Identifier (VCI) PON ATM NIMATM NIM 1/37 1/275 4/62 7/152 ONT #1 ONT #2 ONT #3 ONT #4 STM-1

11 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY VP Switching Versus VC Switching VP Switching The next higher level of connection switching is the Virtual Path (VP) level On this level, connections with the same VPI are “bundled” together and carried from point to point as a single connection Each VC is assigned its own unique combination of Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Connection Identifier (VCI) PON ATM NIMATM NIM 1/37 1/275 1/62 1/152 ONT #1 ONT #2 ONT #3 ONT #4 STM-1 VPI=1

12 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY VP Switching Versus VC Switching Why Is It Important To Know This? There is a connection limit on each card in the network. This means that you can only make a certain number of connections across that card With an ATM NIM card in the VC Switch mode, each VC connection counts as 1 connection With an ATM NIM card in the VP Switch mode, each VP connection counts as 1 active connection NO MATTER HOW MANY VCs ARE IN THE VP This is not an issue on the ATM NIM cards, but it can be an issue on the PAU cards

13 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations

14 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations The core transport technology of the PON and the INT is ATM. Therefore, all application traffic must be encapsulated in ATM cells for transport over the PON or out the INT Uplink The customer’s bandwidth is encapsulated into the payload Bytes of the ATM cell An additional 5 Bytes of ATM header information is then required for each cell The total bandwidth required for the customer’s traffic can be determined using the formulas on the following slides

15 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations PON Bandwidth The bandwidth calculation per connection on a PON is the bandwidth between the Origination port and the PCU card (and then on to a NIM card) The PON bandwidth required for the customer’s traffic can be determined using the formulas on the following slides PON ATM NIMATM NIM 1/37 1/275 4/62 7/152 ONT #1 ONT #2 ONT #3 ONT #4 STM-1 PCUPCU

16 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations INT Bandwidth The bandwidth calculation per connection on an INT is the bandwidth between the Origination port and the Uplink port on the NAU card The INT bandwidth required for the customer’s traffic can be determined using the formulas on the following slides Uplink PortUplink Port 1/37 1/275 4/62 7/152 STM-1 Subscriber Ports INT

17 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations DS1, E1 & FXS Voice TDM Traffic These types of TDM traffic require 1 Byte of the ATM cell payload for synchronization In addition, they require additional Bytes of the ATM cell payload for ????????? The traffic descriptors for DS1, E1 and FXS connections are as follows:  DS1 – 4500 cells per second  E1 – 5992 cells per second  Fill Size 47 – 188 cells per second  Fill Size 18 – 489 cells per second

18 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations DS1, E1 & FXS Voice TDM Traffic Multiplying each of these cells per second requirements by 424 (the total bits in an ATM cell) yields the actual bandwidth that each connection uses on the PON or an Uplink port of an INT  DS1 – 4500 x 424 = 1,908,000 bits per second (343.1 bits per cell)  E1 – 5992 x 424 = 2,540,608 bits per second (341.7 bits per cell)  Fill Size 47 – 188 x 424 = 79,712 bits per second (340.4 bits per cell)  Fill Size 18 – 489 x 424 = 207,336 bits per second (130.8 bits per cell)

19 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations NxDS0 TDM Traffic For TDM traffic, normally 1 Byte of the cell payload is required for synchronization DS1, E1 and FXS voice connections require extra overhead Customer’s Data rate (normally expressed in bits per second) / (47x8) = cells per second (rounded up to the next whole cell) x 424  47 represents the payload bytes in the TDM ATM cell  8 represents 8 bits per Byte  424 represents the number of bits in a full ATM cell Example: / 376 = 171cps 171 x 424 = 72504bps So a 64Kbps TDM connection from a V.35, X.21 or Telemetry SIM actually takes 72.5Kbps on the PON

20 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations DS0 TDM Traffic For TDM traffic, 1 Byte of the cell payload is required for synchronization Customer’s Data rate (normally expressed in bits per second) / (43x8) = cells per second (rounded up to the next whole cell) x 424  43 represents the payload bytes in the TDM ATM cell  8 represents 8 bits per Byte  424 represents the number of bits in a full ATM cell Example: / 344 = 188cps 188 x 424 = 79712bps So a 64Kbps DS0 voice connection actually takes 79.7Kbps on the PON

21 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations DS0 TDM Traffic – Fill Size Variable To reduce the amount of echo on voice DS0 TDM traffic, the Fill Size of the ATM cell is reduced to 18 Bytes instead of 47 Bytes Therefore, the formula is revised to the following:  Customer’s Data rate (normally expressed in bits per second) / (16x8) = cells per second (rounded up to the next whole cell) x represents the payload bytes in the TDM ATM cell 8 represents 8 bits per Byte 424 represents the number of bits in a full ATM cell Example: / 128 = 489cps 489 x 424 = bps  So a 64Kbps DS0 voice connection with a Fill Size of 18 actually takes 207.3Kbps on the PON

22 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations Data Traffic For Data traffic, no synchronization is required so the full payload of the ATM cell is used for the customer’s traffic Customer’s Data rate (normally expressed in bits per second) / (48x8) = cells per second (rounded up to the next whole cell) x 424  48 represents the payload bytes in the Data ATM cell  8 represents 8 bits per Byte  424 represents the number of bits in a full ATM cell Example: / 384 = 13021cps x 424 = bps So a 5Mbps customer’s service actually takes 5.52Mbps on the PON

23 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Calculations Hairpin Connections On A PON A Hairpin connection is defined as that connection where the Origination port and Destination port are within the same System In Hairpin connections, worst case, the bandwidth on the PON is doubled if the Origination port and Destination port are on the same PON In Hairpin connections, best case, you will use equal amounts of bandwidth on two PONs for one connection PON ONT #1 ONT #2 ONT #3 ONT #4 PCUPCU 5Mbps

24 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Determine Remaining Bandwidth

25 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Determine Remaining Bandwidth Due to PON and ATM overhead, each ATM interface cannot utilize the full speed of the interface for customer’s traffic The usable bandwidth of each interface for customer traffic is as follows:  PCU (PON)466.56Mbps*  STM-1 ATM NIM135.63Mbps*  STM-1 NAU135.63Mbps*  DS-3 SIM (PLCP Mode)36.86Mbps*  DS-3 SIM (Direct Mapping Mode) 40.04Mbps* *This information was obtained from the Bandwidth Usage Statistics in TMS

26 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Determine Remaining Bandwidth To manually determine how much bandwidth is left on an interface, it is necessary to perform the following tasks:  Determine the actual allocated bandwidth for each connection on the interface  Add up the actual allocated bandwidth for all connections on the interface  Subtract that total from the usable bandwidth on that interface

27 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Determine Remaining Bandwidth However, TMS provides a quick method for determining the remaining usable bandwidth on an interface The information is found in the Service Provisioning application of TMS Under the Tools menu, choose Bandwidth Usage Statistics

28 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Determine Remaining Bandwidth This will open a window with the following information:  A field that allows you to choose the interface to look at  A field that allows you to look at the Upstream or Downstream information  A series of vertical columns that will give a visual and written indication of how much bandwidth is ALLOCATED on that interface For each Service Category For total bandwidth  These information in these vertical columns is based on the amounts entered into the appropriate data rate fields when provisioning a connection AND  The CAC setting for that Service Category

29 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics

30 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics PON

31 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics INT

32 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics PCU 622 (PON)

33 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics STM-1 ATM NIM

34 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics DS-3c ATM SIM – Direct Mapping Mode

35 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics DS-3c ATM SIM – PLCP Mode

36 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Bandwidth Usage Statistics STM-1 NAU

37 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The Connection Admission Control (CAC) Settings

38 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings The CAC settings can be changed from the Craft interface of an OLT/INT or the Service Provision application of TMS  The Craft interface of an OLT because the Master CPU of the OLT controls the Oversubscription for all the PONs in the System Modifying the CAC ratios on an OLT will affect all the PONs and the ATM NIMs in that OLT  The Service Provision application of TMS where you work on one System (OLT) or one INT at a time

39 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings What Does Changing The CAC Ratios Do? The CAC controls the amount of bandwidth, per connection, that the system allocates on each ATM interface in the System or INT That amount is deducted from the total usable bandwidth on that interface The CAC determines the amount of bandwidth to deduct based upon the ratio set for the Service Category

40 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings What Does Changing The CAC Ratios Do? A ratio of 1:1 means that if 5Mbps is allocated, 5Mbps is deducted from the usable bandwidth on that interface A ratio of 2:1 means that if 5Mbps is allocated, 2.5Mbps is deducted from the usable bandwidth on that interface This is important because if all the customers jump on the network at the same time, they will all receive a reduced throughput based upon how the ratios are set in the CAC

41 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings What Does Changing The CAC Ratios Do? The net effect of increasing the ratios in the CAC is to add more customers to the network without increasing the actual bandwidth on the network At this point, the Service Provider is gambling that not all the customers will jump on the network at the same time But if they do, the Service Provider is gambling that they attribute the slower throughput to a “busy network” or “busy internet” and not complain about the reduced throughput

42 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings OLT Thru Craft

43 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings OLT Thru Craft

44 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings OLT Thru Craft

45 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings INT Thru Craft

46 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings INT Thru Craft

47 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings INT Thru Craft

48 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings OLT Thru TMS

49 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings OLT Thru TMS

50 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings OLT Thru TMS

51 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings INT Thru TMS

52 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings INT Thru TMS

53 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings INT Thru TMS

54 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY How To Modify The CAC Settings Craft Vs TMS Fields – Parameter Names & Values Parameter Name Parameter Name Parameter ValueParameter Value Craft TMS CACUpWeightrtVBR RT VBR SCR (Upstream) CACDownWeightrtVBR RT VBR SCR (Downstream) CACUpWeightrtVBRpeak RT VBR Peak (Upstream) 0 CACDownWeightrtVBRpeak RT VBR Peak (Downstream) 0 CACUpWeightnrtVBR NRT VBR SCR (Upstream) CACDownWeightnrtVBR NRT VBR SCR (Downstream) CACUpWeightnrtVBRpeak NRT VBR Peak (Upstream) 0 CACDownWeightnrtVBRpeak NRT VBR Peak (Downstream) 0 CACUpWeightUBR UBR/UBR+ Peak (Upstream) CACDownWeightUBR UBR/UBR+ Peak (Downstream) CACUpWeightUBRMcr UBR+ MCR (Upstream) CACDownWeightUBRMcr UBR+ MCR (Downstream) CACUpWeightMeshGuar VLAN Requested Bandwidth (Upstream) CACDownWeightMeshGuar VLAN Requested Bandwidth (Downstream) CACUpWeightMeshMax VLAN Maximum-Requested Difference (Upstream) CACDownWeightMeshMax VLAN Maximum-Requested Difference (Downstream) CACWeightLSB CAC Weight LSB NxDS0 BW Addition (percentage) NxDS0 BW Addition (%)

55 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Connection Limits Card Type# of Connections STM-1 ATM NIM8,000 NAU, STM-164,000 PAU, TW-300 SME47 TW-300 LAN24 SIM, DS-3

56 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Objectives Revisited Understand the requirements for traffic engineering on a PON  VP switching versus VC switching on ATM NIM  Connection limitations  PON Bandwidth requirements TDM connections Data connections Understand the requirements for traffic engineering on an INT  Connection limitations  Bandwidth requirements TDM connections Data connections How to determine the remaining bandwidth  On a PCU (PON)  On an ATM NIM  On an INT Uplink

57 Module 4 TERAWAVE CONFIDENTIAL – DO NOT COPY Terawave Communications, Inc. Lighting The First Mile™