Early Cold War – Europe and Asia 13.2 Notes Berlin Airlift, Korean War

1. The Long Telegram George Kennan sent a message explaining his views of Soviet goals: –Russians are insecure, afraid of the West –We could never get along –“long term, patient but firm containment of Russian expansion”

2. Truman Doctrine Soviets show aggression in Iran (oil), Turkey (trade), then Greece (political influence) –Attempt at expansion made Truman nervous! Made a speech asking Congress to fight Communist aggression Pledged U.S.’s commitment to fight communism abroad

3. Marshall Plan European Recovery Program give European nations aid to rebuild their economies rejected by USSR and satellites –Molotov Plan

4. The Unification of Germany Western Allies unify Germany into West Germany –American Zone, French Zone, and British Zone combine to unify against Soviet East Germany –Allow W. Germany to rearm Allies combine their zones of Berlin, as an outpost in Soviet occupied E. Germany

5. The Berlin Blockade (June ‘48 - May ‘49) Threatened by the Allied coalition Resenting the outpost of Capitalism in E. Germany Russians blockade the city of Berlin –Close all railroads –Stop all planes and close airports –Close all roads –Prevent all trade and traffic into West Berlin

6. The Berlin Airlift (June ‘48 - May ‘49) Truman takes action: –Authorized deployment of atomic bombs to British bases…just in case –Ordered air drop of over 2 million tons of food, medicine, and fuel to W. Berliners –Ended after 11 month standoff, when Stalin ended blockade –Symbolized America’s commitment to a new Europe –Crystallized aggression between Soviets and U.S.

Do Now 1.What does it mean that the Cold War was “cold”? (why do we call it a “cold” war instead of a “hot” war?) 2.Why might textbooks from different countries offer different versions of the same events? 3.When textbooks offer different accounts, how do you decide which textbook to believe?

7. NATO Formed (Apr. ‘49) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization: The Sword and the Shield –To protect American and her allies in Europe from Soviet hostility –Approved mutual defense treaty, to use military to combat Communism –Originally 12 members –Prompted the creation of the Warsaw Pact, a Soviet military alliance

8. Asia Goes Red ( ) Communism spreads through Asia, as Mao begins a successful revolution in China, and then funnels money and troops to Korea.

The Chinese Revolution Long struggle - Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek vs. Communist Mao Zedong Started in the 1920s and continued through WWII Created a brief armistice to fight the Japanese U.S. contributed over $2 billion to Nationalist forces, which squandered the money

The Fall of China (Aug. ‘49) U.S. stops aid to China Chiang Kai-Shek flees to island of Formosa to establish the Republic of Taiwan Mao takes over Beijing and declares the People’s Republic of China in Oct. Mao signs an alliance with Soviet Russia, 1950

The American Response Communist China barred from U.N. by the U.S. Only allowed seated members from Taiwan U.S. steps up financial aid to Japan -- to prevent the expansion of China

9. The Korean War (June, ‘50 - present) Background Americans and Russians entered Korean Peninsula at end of WW2 to disarm Japanese Both sides left troops and munitions Both sides professed desire for Korean unification Korea tentatively divided along 38th Parallel –North--Soviet control –South--American control

Hostilities Flare Talks for reunification break down Communist N. Koreans cross 38th Parallel and nearly take city of Pusan, June 1950 Truman issues NSC-68 (National Security Council Memo #68) –Sees this as test of containment policy –Increase military spending to combat Communism –Mobilize 3.3 million troops –Create Cold War military preparedness (which would continue throughout) –Saves the declining post-WW2 military

The United Nations Intervenes Truman calls United Nations to action (cites mistakes of the League of Nations) Argues for aggressive containment of Communism MacArthur given command of UN forces

The Military See-saw September 1950 MacArthur orders invasion of Inchon UN forces push N. Koreans back to Yalu River, on the border of China China sees this as a threat China responds – massive attack

10. MacArthur Fired (April 1951) Truman refused to fully engage military –Limited war just to contain communism MacArthur argued for use of atomic weapons, and publicly criticized the president’s strategy: “There’s no substitute for victory.” Truman fires MacArthur for insubordination

11. The Armistice Signed After MacArthur is replaced, UN forces push N. Koreans to the 38th Parallel War settles down –N. Koreans supplied by China, U.S.S.R. –S. Koreans supplied by U.S. Peace talks begin in the fall of 1951, but will last nearly two years Cease fire signed July 1953, still existent

12. Changes in Policy Korean War marked a turning point in the Cold War U.S. began major military buildup Opened Asia to policy of containment U.S. became more militarily involve din Asia Defense agreements signed with Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, and Australia U.S. also began to aid French forces to contain communism in Vietnam