1868 FREDRICK MEISCHER half nucleus is protein & ? SOMETHING ELSE.

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Presentation transcript:

1868 FREDRICK MEISCHER half nucleus is protein & ? SOMETHING ELSE

1890’s SCIENTISTS LEARN THE SOMETHING ELSE IS …

DNA

DNA STRUCTURE PENTOSE SUGAR PHOSPHATE GROUP NITROGEN BASES

Double Helix Molecular Structure purine pyrimadine

Chromatin packing

DNA REPLICATION It is semiconservative Two original and two new complementary strand One original and One new complementary strand WrongCorrect

WALTER SUTTON “The hereditary material is carried on chromosomes”

CHROMOSOMES ARE EQUAL PARTS OF DNA & PROTEIN

FREDERICK GRIFFITH 1928

DISCOVERED TRANSFORMATION IT WAS …? DNA BUT HE CALLED IT? TRANSFORMING FACTOR FREDERICK GRIFFITH

GRIFFITH HE WORKS WITH STREP. PNEUMONIA, A BACTERIA 2 FORMS SMOOTH AND ROUGH SMOOTH HAS A PROTEIN CAPSULE THAT CAUSES PNEUMONIA ROUGH HAS NO CAPSULE AND IS NOT DEADLY

1.HE INJECTS Smooth FORM INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE… DIES 2.HE THEN INJECTS THE Rough FORM INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE LIVES GRIFFITH

3.NEXT HE HEAT KILLS THE Smooth FORM HE THEN INJECTS INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE LIVES! 4.HE TAKES “KILLED” Smooth & LIVE Rough & INJECTS THIS INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE CROAKS! 5.HE TAKES A BLOOD SAMPLE FROM THE DEAD MOUSE AND FINDS LIVE Smooth encapsulated FORM! GRIFFITH

HE SAYS-”SOMETHING TRANSFORMED THE Live rough FORM INTO A LIVE Smooth FORM” THIS IS SOME KIND OF “TRANSFORMING FACTOR” GRIFFITH

AVERY, McCARTY, MacLEOD 1944 WANTED TO KNOW WHAT IS THE TRANSFORMING MATERIAL? THEY PURIFIED CHEMICALS FROM HEAT KILLED “Smooth” bacteria, TO SEE WHICH ONES WOULD TRANSFORM LIVE “Rough” bacteria INTO “Smooth”, deadly bacteria THEY DISCOVERED IT WAS DNA

AVERY, ET AL EXPERIMENT THEY TREATED SAMPLES OF HEAT KILLED “S” WITH DIFFERENT ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN MOLECULES into rna, dna, proteins, lipids & carbs. TO SEE WHICH ONE CAUSED TRANSFORMATION “R” ONLY BECAME TRANSFORMED INTO “S”, WHEN IN THE PRESENCE OF… Smooth DNA- DID TRANSFORMATION, THEY FOUND THEIR ANSWER!

Avery et al. experiment

1950 Chargaff’s Rules In his studies he sees that the amount of A is = to T The amount of C is = to G This precise equation later helped Watson & Crick

HERSHEY & CHASE 1952 WORKED W/BACTERIOPHAGE VIRUS THAT INFECTS ONLY BACTERIA ONLY MADE FROM DNA & PROTEIN THEY CONCLUDED THE INFECTED BACTERIA WERE TRANSFORMED BY DNA, NOT PROTEIN BUT HOW… mations/ch12a02.htmhttp://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/ani mations/ch12a02.htm

HERSHEY & CHASE

Rosalind Franklin

Rosalind’s X-Ray of DNA

Maurice Wilkins

James Watson & Francis Crick

1953 WATSON & CRICK MAKE THE DISCOVERY THAT DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX SHAPE THEY WIN?

NOBEL PRIZE

1962 WINNERS ARE ANNOUNCED THEY ARE WATSON, CRICK &?

MAURICE WILKINS!

ROSALIND FRANKLIN COULD NOT WIN SHE WAS DEAD!

DNA REPLICATION tion/index.html tion/index.html

Shorter, lagging strand on telomere end

DNA REPLICATION It is done with enzymes! 1. Helicase (enzyme) unwinds the DNA –There are now 2 open strands that can be copied 2. RNA Polymerase (enzyme) primes the new strand with RNA primers (nitrogen bases) to start the new strand only nitrogen bases long 3. Then DNA Polymerase (enzyme) brings DNA nucleotides together to complete a new DNA strand. 4. The RNA primers are removed after the DNA strand portion is complete. This leaves gaps though where the RNA was. 5. DNA Polymerase fills in the gaps from the RNA that is removed. 6. DNA Ligase (Enzyme) glues the strands of DNA to make one continuous strand.