1 Macromolecules Please get out your macromolecule chart and a clean sheet of paper

2 Organic Compounds CARBONAre compounds that have CARBON Macromoleculeslarge moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules.

3 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electrons in outer shell. This allows it to 4 other atomsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. This allows it to form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane)

4 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

6 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis polymers monomers“removing water”Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O

7 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

8 Answer: Hydrolysis monomers“adding water”Separates monomers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O

9 Carbohydrates

10 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples:Examples: A.monosaccharide  monomer B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

11 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose

12 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose

13 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

14 Lipids

15Lipids not soluble (do not dissolve) in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble (do not dissolve) in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

16 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock 4.Protection against water loss 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

17 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.  monomers H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

18 Fatty Acids two kinds of fatty acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

19 Proteins

20 Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids  monomer peptide bonds polypeptidesAmino acids  monomer (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins : 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

21 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure 1st B.Secondary Structure 2nd C.Tertiary Structure 3rd D.Quaternary Structure 4th

22 Primary Structure Amino acids  monomer peptide bonds (straight chains) bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

23 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Coil Pleats Pleats Hydrogen Bonds

24 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Coil Pleats

25 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits

26 Nucleic Acids

27 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotidesNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides  monomer

28 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

29 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

30 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA

Macromolecule Book 31 Be sure to add color and pictures to each page

Rubric 32 TopicThe standard : Aesthetic Value Attractively colored, Neat handwriting or drawings Neatly arranged in readable format, Proper grammar Structure of moleculesThoroughly describe the molecular structure Use of examples and pictures Pictures satisfactorily illustrate concepts  Clear examples Molecular function Clear and thorough explanation of the functions of the four macromolecules Sources of moleculesLists specific sources of macromolecules Construction and Format Each molecule on separate page complete with title and cover

Constructing Monomers of Macromolecules 33 Instructions: Use the organic model sets to construct monomers for each macromolecule. You should have at least 1 monomer for each macromolecule and it should be 3-dimensional in shape. Use the following color code for atoms --- Carbon (black), Oxygen (red), Hydrogen (yellow), and Nitrogen (blue).

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