Energy Efficient Laboratories for the 21 st Century: Five Big Hits Dale Sartor, P.E. Group Leader, Applications Team Building Technologies Department Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Federal Environmental Symposium, June 4, 2008

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 2 Lab Energy Intensity  3 to 8 times as energy intensive as office buildings Total Site Energy Use Intensity BTU/sf-yr for various laboratories in the Labs21 Benchmarking Database Typical Office Building

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 3 Why Sustainability for Labs?  Laboratories are very energy intensive – 3 to 8 times as energy intensive as office buildings  Substantial efficiency opportunities – 30%-50% savings over standard practice  Triple bottom line – Reduce life cycle costs – Improve workplace quality and safety – Reduce environmental impact

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 4 Labs21 Program  A joint EPA/DOE-FEMP program to improve the environmental performance of U.S. laboratories – Optimize whole building efficiency on a life-cycle basis – Assure occupant safety – Minimize overall environmental impacts

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 5 Labs21 Program Components  Partnership Program – Draws together lab owners and designers committed to implementing high performance lab design. – LBNL is a partner  Training Program – Includes annual technical conference, training workshops, and other peer-to-peer opportunities.  Tool Kit for Sustainable Design – Resources for owners, designers, and operators

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 6  Core information resources – Design Guide – Case Studies – Energy Benchmarking – Best Practice Guides – Technical Bulletins  Design process tools – Env. Performance Criteria – Design Intent Tool – Labs21 Process Manual Labs21 Toolkit

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 7 Key Energy Efficiency Strategies for Labs

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 8 Lab Energy Use is Dominated by HVAC  Ventilation is the largest component of energy consumption in most labs – % varies by lab type and location  In some labs, 10-20% savings in ventilation is equivalent to total lighting energy use

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 9 Major Efficiency Strategies for Laboratories  Ventilation Systems – Optimizing ventilation rates – Minimize areas requiring high ventilation rates – High performance fume hoods – VAV, low-flow – Multi-stack exhaust plenum with staged exhaust fans – Low-pressure drop design  Heating and Cooling Systems – Energy recovery (latent and sensible) – Right-sizing HVAC systems – Systems that minimize or eliminate reheat – Multiple cooling loops at different temperatures. – High part-load heating and cooling efficiency  Lighting Systems – Daylighting and controls – High-efficiency electrical lighting systems – Occupancy controls

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 10 Five BIG HITS 1. Scrutinize the air changes: Optimize ventilation rates 2. Tame the hoods: Compare exhaust device options 3. Get real with loads: Right-size HVAC systems 4. Just say no to re-heat: Minimize simultaneous heating and cooling 5. Drop the pressure drop: Use lower pressure-drop HVAC designs Annual electricity use in Louis Stokes Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 11 #1 Scrutinize the Air Changes Air change rates have large peak and total cost impact  Don’t assume air changes are driven by thermal loads  What do you use as minimum air change rate (ACR)? – Why? Why? Why?  When is ten or more air changes safe and six air changes (or less) not?

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 12 Scrutinize the Air Changes  Options to consider – cfm/sqft rather than ACR – Panic switch concept – Cascading air from clean to dirty – Setback ACR when lab is unoccupied – Demand controlled ventilation (based on monitoring of hazards and odors) – Control Banding (one rate doesn’t fit all) – Modeling and simulation for optimization  Ventilation effectiveness is more dependent on lab and HVAC design than air change rates (ACR)  High ACR can have a negative impact on containment devices

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 13 = #2 Tame the Hoods Fume hood Energy Consumption

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 14 Tame the Hoods 1.Reduce the number and size of hoods 2.Restrict the sash opening 3.Use Two “speeds” occupied and un- occupied 4.Use variable air volume (VAV) 5.Consider high performance hoods 6.Say no to Auxiliary Air hoods

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 15 #3 Drop the Pressure Drop  Up to one half HVAC energy goes to fans  How low can you go?

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 16 Low Pressure Drop Design

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 17 Annual Energy Cost for Cleanroom Recirculation Fans Operating cost range for same cleanliness

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 18 Source: J. Weale, P. Rumsey, D. Sartor, L. E. Lock, “Laboratory Low-Pressure Drop Design,” ASHRAE Journal, August ComponentStandardGoodBetter Air handler face velocity Air Handler2.5 in. w.g.1.5 in. w.g.0.75 in.w.g. Heat Recovery Device1.00 in. w.g.0.60 in. w.g.0.35 in. w.g. VAV Control DevicesConstant Volume, N/A Flow Measurement Devices, in. w.g. Pressure Differential Measurement and Control, 0.10 in. w.g. Zone Temperature Control Coils 0.5 in. w.g.0.30 in. w.g.0.05 in. w.g. Total Supply and Return Ductwork 4.0 in. w.g.2.25 in. w.g.1.2 in. w.g. Exhaust Stack0.7” w.g. full design flow through entire exhaust system, Constant Volume 0.7” w.g. full design flow through fan and stack only, VAV System with bypass 0.75” w.g. averaging half the design flow, VAV System with multiple stacks Noise Control (Silencers)1.0” w.g.0.25” w.g.0.0” w.g. Total9.7” w.g.6.2” w.g.3.2” w.g. Approximate W / CFM Low Pressure-Drop Design Guidelines

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 19 Labs21 Benchmarking Tool – Vent. W/cfm standard good better Standard, good, better benchmarks as defined in “How-low Can You go: Low-Pressure Drop Laboratory Design” by Dale Sartor and John Weale

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 20 #4 Get Real with Plug Loads  Save capital cost and operating cost  Measure actual loads in similar labs  Design for high part- load efficiency – Modular design approaches  Plug load diversity in labs increases reheat

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 21 Measured vs. Design – UC Davis Case Study  Significant over-sizing not unusual

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 22 Measured Plug loads in Labs  Sandia PETL Lab – Designed for 6 W/nsf; – Metered data: 1.8 W/nsf (avg.), 2.7 W/nsf (peak)  Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center – Phase 1 designed for W/nsf – Phase 2 reduced design to 8 W/nsf based on Phase 1 experience  Pharmacia – Designed for 12 W/nsf – Metered data: 2.7 W/nsf

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 23 Benefits of Right-sizing at LBNL-MFL  $2.5 million first cost savings for right-sizing HVAC systems – Based on measured data from comparable labs  LEED Silver (expected) – Rightsizing savings allowed additional green features with 4% cost savings over baseline. The Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 24 #5 Just Say No to Reheat  Reheat (simultaneous heating and cooling) causes major energy use in labs – High-load areas require lower supply air temperature, so reheat occurs in other spaces

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 25 System Alternatives to Minimize Reheat  Dual-duct systems  Ventilation air with zone coils  Ventilation air with fan coils  Ventilation air with radiant cooling  Ventilation air with inductive cooling coils

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 26 Main Labs21 web site: Contacts : For More Information Dale Sartor, PE Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Phone:

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 27 Supplemental Slides Labs21 Environmental Performance Criteria (Beyond LEED)

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 28 Labs21 Environmental Performance Criteria (EPC)  Rating system specifically for laboratories  Leverages and builds on LEED – Modifications and additions to improve applicability to labs  Developed with over 40 industry volunteers  Used on many lab projects – Specified in UC Regents policy – Used on Molecular Foundry at LBNL

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 29 LEED and EPC  LEED is a USGBC product  EPC is a Labs21 product – No certification  USGBC is developing a LEED Application Guide for Laboratories (LEED-AGL) “LEED for Labs” – Based on the EPC  Both tools are useful, but beware of “point-chasing” – Avoid design by checklist

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 30 LEED and EPC

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 31 Labs21 EPC - Sustainable Sites  1. Minimize impact of air effluents – Use mathematical modeling, physical modeling and/or post- construction testing and certification to prove compliance  2. Prevent release to sanitary sewer – Prevent releases of hazardous chemicals and other pollutants to sanitary sewer, using containment and engineering controls Source: Cermak Peterka Petersen

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 32 Labs21 EPC - Water Efficiency  Prerequisite: Avoid one-pass water for cooling  Credits: Reduce process water and process wastewater  Strategies: – Use closed loop cooling – Reduce, reuse, recycle. – Flow control – turn off when not in use – Reuse last rinse for first rinse of next cycle – Treat process wastewater for down- cycled use in cooling towers, etc. Nidus Center. Source: Hedrick-Blessing

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 33 Labs21 EPC – Indoor Environmental Quality  Prerequisite: Minimum requirements – Meet ANSI Z 9.5  Credits for user health and safety – 1. Optimize indoor airflow based on CFD or physical modeling. – 2. Commission all fume hoods per ASHRAE 110, with performance rating of 4.0 AI 0.1 – 3. Self-identifying and fail-safe alarm systems Source: RWDI

Sustainable Design for Laboratories 34 Sustainability Begins with the Program Global Ecology Center, Stanford - High heat-load equipment moved to un- cooled warehouse; Most temperature- sensitive equipment in separate room, reducing the area with tight temperature control requirement - 41% efficiency savings + 17% program savings = 58% total savings (vs. CA Title 24) Source: EHDD Architecture Source: Timothy Hursley Bren School, UC Santa Barbara - Office and classroom wing separated out from lab wing to allow for full natural ventilation. - LEED Platinum rating