Warm Up What are the different types of macromolecules you came in contact with yesterday and/or today? What kinds of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids did you consume at your meals? 1

4 Groups of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins 2 Image

Organic Compounds Introduction to Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids Image 3

Objectives Content: Build models showing Carbon bonding and build carbohydrates. Understand the elements, functions, and examples of carbohydrates. – Language: Answer questions about macromolecules/carbohydrates Write about organic compounds and carbon bonding State examples of carbohydrates 4

5 Organic Compounds = Have carbon

Organic Chemistry Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon- containing molecules. Organic Chemistry: the study of carbon compounds 6

Carbon is versatile Carbon atoms can easily bond to other atoms in chains… and in rings… to form large complex molecules. 7

Make Methane 8

Small set of monomers = Lots of macromolecules Cells are able to make a variety of macromolecules despite having a small set of monomers to work with. Like the alphabet, few letters, unlimited possibilities 9

Macromolecules What does “macro” mean? Macromolecules = giant molecules Also known as *organic compounds* Monomer = Polymer = Many building blocks 10 One building block

Building Macromolecules Formed by a process called monomers polymers Image 11 Image polymerization

Monomers & Polymers 12 Images

C H O N P S There are 6 main elements of living cells: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur 13

Building Polymers 14 Dehydration “condensation reaction” Dehydration also called “condensation reaction” polymersmonomers “removing water” Forms polymers: combine monomers by “removing water”. HOH HH H2OH2O

Breaking Polymers 15 monomers“adding water” - HYDROLYSIS Separates monomers by “adding water” - HYDROLYSIS HO HH H H2OH2O

Carbohydrates 16

Macromol: Carbohydrates Monomer: monosaccharides – 1 sugar molecule Elements: C H O Function: Energy source

Carbohydrates Examples: Simple Sugars 18 Glucose (sports drink) Fructose (fruit) Galactose “milk sugar”

19

Complex Carbohydrates 20 Disaccharides (two molecules) ex. Table sugar Polysaccharides (many) ex. Starches (pasta)

Research Time using a WebQuest Rules: Research ONLY your macromolecule Use at least 2 sources (Wikipedia does NOT count as 1 of the 2) Spend your time wisely – skim for the important points! Grading on your ‘expert’ ability to research: – Quality of content you bring back to your group – How well you spent your time during your presentation – How professional you are during your presentation 21

Lipids 22

Lipids 23 Made of C H O Lipids are hydrophobic – “water fearing” Fatty acids - monomers that make up lipids Examples: fats, waxes, oils and steroids FAT MOLECULE

Function of Lipids 24 cushion and protect organs Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

Fats in Organisms 25 Most animal fats -high proportion of saturated fatty acids (saturated = single bonds) - solids at room temperature - Examples: Most plant oils -low in saturated fatty acids (unsaturated = double bonds) -exist as liquids at room temperature - Examples:

Nucleic Acids 26

Nucleic Acids 27 Two types of Nucleic acids: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Function: Control cell activity and perform protein synthesis

Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer 28 Nitrogenous Bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

Proteins 29

Proteins 30 Proteins are made of monomeres called amino acids 20 different amino acids. Each having a similar general structure - Differ only in their “R” groups

Types of Proteins 31 Structural (hair) also cell membranes Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (Hemoglobin) Enzymes (cell regulation)

Macromolecule Summary 32

Macromolecules Summary cont. 33

Additional Slides 34

Carbon is Versatile It has only 4 electrons in its outer shell, but can hold 8. Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to 4 covalent bonds. 35

36 Carbo- hydrates mono- saccharides poly- saccharides nucleo- tides RNA DNA Nucleic Acids Proteins enzymes Lipids phospho- lipids fats amino acids di- saccharides

Primary Structure 37 Primary Structure of a protein is it’s sequence of amino acids Primary Structure dictates all further levels of protein structure

Secondary Structure 38 The Sequence (primary structure) causes parts of a protein molecule to fold into sheets or bend into helix shapes - this is a protein’s Secondary Structure.

Tertiary Structure 39 The protein then can compact and twist on itself to form a mass called it’s Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure 40 Several Proteins then can can combine and form a protein’s Quaternary Structure Various conformations are usually caused by the formation of hydrogen or disulfide bonds. PH, changes or heat can disrupt these bonds, permanently denaturing the protein.

Hydrolysis 41 Dehydration synthesis is a reversible process Called Hydrolysis. A water molecule is inserted where the monomers join. Breaking their bonds.

Hydrolysis Simplified 42

Breaking Down Polymers 43 Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water) Water added to split a double sugar

Carbohydrates 44 Carbohydrates include: Small sugar molecules in soft drinks Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose & glycogen Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), and Oxygen (O ) Following ratio of elements C n H 2n O n Sugars: Provide immediate energy for cells Simple sugars include Glucose & Fructose since these are made of only 1 Carbohydrate molecule they are known as Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides 45 Called simple sugars Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas C 6 H 12 O 6

Cellular Fuel 46 Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work

Monosaccharides 47 Glucose is found in sports drinks Fructose is found in fruits Honey contains both glucose & fructose Galactose is called “milk sugar” -OSE ending means SUGAR

Polysaccharides 48 Complex carbohydrates Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible Due to the reverse orientation of the monosaccharide subunits, digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the bonds between them

Glycogen 49 Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide Animals use this for short-term energy storage. Mostly stored in the human liver until converted to fat

Starch 50 Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants Plant cells store starch for energy Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

Cellulose 51 Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants It is a major component of wood It is also known as dietary fiber

Cellulose 52 SUGARS

Dietary Cellulose 53 Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber They have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose

Sugars in Water 54 Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water SUGAR MOLECULE -OH groups make them water soluble

Types of Fatty Acids 55 Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons) Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons )

Types of Fatty Acids 56

Triglyceride 57 Monomer of lipids Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat Organic Alcohol (-OL ending)

Lipids 58 Lipids are macromolecules including Fats, Waxes and Oils. Primary function is energy storage. Energy is stored in C-H bonds. More efficient in storing energy Lipids are made of 2 parts Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule 3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains

Types of Fats 59 Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds Unsaturated fats have double bonds Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds – Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries.

Other Lipids 60 4 Other types of biologically important Lipids – Phospholipids - Important for membrane structure – Steroids - eg. Cholesterol & testosterone. Provide membrane support / serve as hormones – Terpenes - serve as important components of pigments – Prostaglandins - appear to act like localized hormones to induce cellular/tissue responses

Nucleotides 61 DNA is formed from Nucleotides These are made of 3 components – A 5-Carbon Sugar – A Nitrogenous base – A Phosphate group Nucleotides form a backbone through linkages from the OH group of the 3 rd carbon to a phosphate group of the adjoining nucleotide. These are called Phosphodiester bonds

Nucleic Acids 62 Nucleotides include: Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

DNA double helix 63 P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA

64 Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell