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Hosted by Angela Patat

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Row 1, Col 1 Deoxyribose Phosphate 1 of the bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?

1,2 Formed by histone proteins and DNA DNA wraps around histones that make up the nucleosome core DNA is attracted to histones b/c of its negative charge and the positive charge of histones Outline the structure of nucleosomes?

1,3 Help to supercoil chromosomes Help to regulate transcription (DNA packaging around histones makes DNA inaccessible to transcription enzymes b/c only certain areas of DNA are involved in protein synthesis) State two functions of nucleosomes?

1,4  Single-copy genes: Have coding functions Provide base sequences essential to produce proteins 2% of genome  Repetitive sequences: Repetitive base sequences 5%-45% of typical eukaryote DNA Distinguish between single-copy genes and highly repetitive sequences.

2,1 Introns *must be removed before translation What must be removed in eukaryotic RNA in order to form mature mRNA?

2,2 Initiation Elongation Translocation Termination What are the four stages of translation?

2,3 AUG (Methionine) What is the start codon of translation?

2,4 free ribosomes: Synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell bound ribosomes: Synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for lysosmes State the differences between protein synthesis in free ribosomes and in bound ribosomes ?

3,1 Polypeptide chain bends and folds over itself b/c of interactions among R-groups and the peptide backbone Describe the tertiary structure of proteins.

3,2 Collagen Actin State an example of a fibrous protein.

3,3 Haemoglobin Insulin State an example of a globular protein.

3,4 a hormone secreted by the pancreas that aids blood glucose level in vertebrates What is the function of the protein insulin?

4,1 20 (they bind amino acids to tRNAs) How many tRNA activating enzymes are there?

4,2 CCA What’s the base sequence of the amino acid attachment site on the 3’ end of tRNA?

4,3 A site P site E site Name the 3 binding sites for tRNA in a ribosome.

4,4 Proteins called elongation factors What assist in biding the tRNAs to the exposed mRNA codons at the A site?

5,1 True Induced fit model of enzyme action T/F: Sometimes enzymes can bind to more than one substrate?

5,2 The binding of the end-product with the allosteric site of the first enzyme What brings about inhibition when there is a high concentration of the end-products of a reaction?

5,3 Catalyze/increase the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy What do enzymes do to the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

5,4 What does a competitive inhibitor do? competes directly for the active site of an enzyme decreases the rxn rate b/c the substrate has fewer encounters with the active site