TOPIC #5: ENERGY

* Period between 1760 and 1840 * The process of change from an agrarian (cultivation of land), handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. * This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.

Low heat Low sulfur High heat High sulfur High heat Low sulfur

Separated because of different BOILING POINTS of the components of crude oil.

* Countries with majority of the global crude oil reserves (excludes U.S. and Canada) * Control the supplies/prices of the world’s crude oil

* On Alaska’s North Slope * Believed to contain large oil reserves * Environmental groups argue against destroying the fragile tundra biome

* Hydraulic Fracturing Technique Hydraulic Fracturing Technique Environmental Issues: Leaks of CH 4 at well-head Use large amounts of water Contamination of surface water Seismic activity

60 w X 1 kw X 4 hours X 365 days = 87.6 kWh/year 1000w day1 year

1500 w X 1 kw X 10 hours X 7 days X $.20 = $21/week 1000 w day 1 week kWh

$3.50 X 1 gallon = $0.14/mile or 14 /mile 1 gallon 25 miles

* Worst commercial nuclear power plant accident in the U.S. * Nuclear reactor lost coolant * Partial uncovering/melting of core * Unknown amounts of radiation escaped * No human casualties * Led to new regulations in the U.S.

* Worst nuclear power plant accident in history * Explosions caused reactor roof to blow off * Partial meltdown/fire for 10 days * Huge radioactive cloud spread over many countries * 350,000 people left their homes * Impacted human health, water supply, and agriculture

* Most recent disaster; still impacting the area and beyond. * One reactor melted down after massive earthquake and tsunami. * Fuel rods lost surrounding coolant for 4½ hours. * Radiation leaked into surrounding ocean water. * Increased risk of cancer (thyroid, breast, leukemia).

* Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8 days. How long will it take so reach a safe concentration of less than 1.0 %? Day 1-8 ½ or 50% of the sample of iodine-131 is radioactive. Day 9-16 ¼ or 25% of the sample of iodine-131 is radioactive. Day /8 th or 12.5% of the sample of iodine-131 is radioactive. Day /16 th or 6.25% of the sample of iodine-131 is radioactive. Day /32 nd or 3.125% of the sample of iodine-131 is radioactive. Day /64 th or % of the sample of iodine-131 is radioactive. Day /128 th or % of the sample of iodine-131 is radioactive. Half-life #1 Half-life #2Half-life #3 Half-life #4 Half-life #7 Half-life #5 Half-life #6 After 7 half-lives or 56 days

1. Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) * 2 useful forms of energy are produced from the same fuel source 2. Replace energy-wasting electric motors 3. Recycling materials 4. Switch to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting 5. Convert outdated and wasteful electrical grid system with more efficient one

1. Orient building to maximize or minimize exposure 2. Focus light on work stations 3. Make use of natural lighting 4. Natural ventilation 5. Recycled building materials 6. U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

1. Insulate and plug leaks 2. Use energy-efficient windows 3. Stop other heating and cooling losses 4. Heat houses more efficiently 5. Heat water more efficiently 6. Use energy efficient appliances 7. Use energy efficient lighting

1. Encourage fuel-efficient cars: * Hybrids and plug-in hybrids 2. Encourage energy-efficient diesel cars 3. Further development of fuel cells 4. Use ultralight composite materials for cars 5. Increasing CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards require manufacturers to build more fuel-efficient cars.

Expensive

Least expensive to generate Greatest amount of electricity worldwide is generated this way.

6 kwh X 40 m 2 = 240 kWh per day m kWh X 1 day = 10 kWh per hour day 24 hours Efficiency = energy out X 100 = 1.2 kWh/hour X 100 = 12% energy in 10 kWh/hour Efficiency = energy out X 100 energy in

The LED bulbs use 90% less energy, which means they use only 10% of the energy used by the previous bulbs w X 0.10 = 150 w

75 m 2 X 6 kWh X 0.10 X $0.20 = $9 per day m 2 kWh $9.00 X 365 days = $3285 per year day year

The following slides are not on the worksheet, but are some important concepts in Topic #5.

Energy is NOT recycled…only matter can be recycled!!!

Energy lost as heat (highly disordered) in transformations

LPG LNG SNG From PetroleumFrom Coal

Methane Hydrates From tundra, Arctic permafrost, ocean – very difficult to extract

Controlled Fission Reaction

High Net Energy Fastest Growing

Geothermal Energy 1.Steam rises through a well 2.Turbine turns to generate electricity 3.Leftover water Is pumped back to hot rock

50-60% of world depends on wood or charcoal for cooking and/or heating

Generating and storing the hydrogen is the biggest hurdle.