Native Americans Navajos, Sioux, Nez Perce Apache Navajos, Sioux, Nez Perce Apache

Navajo People - “Dine”

The Navajos’ ancestral homeland covered parts of what is now Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. The Navajo people believe that their ancestors emerged into the place between four sacred mountains and that they have lived there since time immemorial. Without the Navajos’ knowledge or consent, the United States laid claim to these lands in 1848 as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the U.S.-Mexican War. The Navajos’ ancestral homeland covered parts of what is now Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. The Navajo people believe that their ancestors emerged into the place between four sacred mountains and that they have lived there since time immemorial. Without the Navajos’ knowledge or consent, the United States laid claim to these lands in 1848 as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the U.S.-Mexican War. Navajos Land

The Long Walk  Navajos encountered a more substantial enemy.Colonel Kit Carson instituted a scorched earth policy, burning Navajo fields and homes, and stealing or killing their livestock. After starving the Navajos into submission, Carson rounded up every Navajo he could find - 8,000 men, women and children - and in the spring of 1864 forced his prisoners to march some 300 miles to Fort Sumner, New Mexico. Navajos call this "The Long Walk." Many died along the way, and died during the four long years of imprisonment. In 1868 after signing a treaty with the U.S., remaining Navajos were allowed to return to designated lands currently occupied in the Four Corners area of the U.S.

Lakota-Dakota Sioux

Clash on the Prairie Life on the Plains Great Plains—grasslands in west-central portion of the U.S. East: hunting, farming villages; west: nomadic hunting, gathering Life on the Plains Great Plains—grasslands in west-central portion of the U.S. East: hunting, farming villages; west: nomadic hunting, gathering The Horse and the Buffalo Horses, guns lead most Plains tribes to nomadic life by mid- 1700s Trespassing others’ hunting lands causes war; count coup for status Buffalo provides many basic needs: - hides used for teepees, clothes, blankets - meat used for jerky, pemmican

Sitting Bull Medicine man  Great Chief of the Sioux Nation  Born in 1831  Became a warrior at 14  Later becomes an influential medicine man  Inspires Crazy Horse to go against George a. Custer- Black Hills Dakota Territory Little Bighorn  Great Chief of the Sioux Nation  Born in 1831  Became a warrior at 14  Later becomes an influential medicine man  Inspires Crazy Horse to go against George a. Custer- Black Hills Dakota Territory Little Bighorn

Battle of Wounded Knee  Joins Buffalo Bills Wild West Show 1885  Rumored to have be the head of the Ghost Dance  Returns from Canada to lead Ghost Dance Dies Dec. 15, 1890  Wounded Knee 1890 & 1973  Joins Buffalo Bills Wild West Show 1885  Rumored to have be the head of the Ghost Dance  Returns from Canada to lead Ghost Dance Dies Dec. 15, 1890  Wounded Knee 1890 & 1973

Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill Cody

Crazy Horse

War Chief Born  Leader of the War for the Black Hills  Custer’s Last Stand/Fought in the Battle of Little Big Horn  After a winter of starvation surrenders in May 1877  Refused to stay on the reservation  Dies while being taken into custody Sept 1877

Crazy Horse Monument S.D.

Chief Joseph Nez Perce

“Tell General Howard I Know his heart. What he told me before, I have in my heart. I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Toohoolhoolzote is dead. The Old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes and no. He who lead the young men is dead. It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills and have no blankets, no food; no one knows where they are – perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.”

Cochise

Apache Chief  Born 1823  Friendly towards whites until 1861  Starts an 11 year war  Accused of kidnapping, escapes being held hostage for the boys return.  Left friends behind, when they were not let go, Cocishe kills several whites  Finally surrenders in 1872  Dies peacefully on a reservation in New Mexico,  Born 1823  Friendly towards whites until 1861  Starts an 11 year war  Accused of kidnapping, escapes being held hostage for the boys return.  Left friends behind, when they were not let go, Cocishe kills several whites  Finally surrenders in 1872  Dies peacefully on a reservation in New Mexico, 1874.

Geronimo  Born 1829  Council of Warriors  Leads raids in northern Mexico  Returns to find his settlement has been attacked his wife, mother and three Children dead  Father in law - Cochise  Born 1829  Council of Warriors  Leads raids in northern Mexico  Returns to find his settlement has been attacked his wife, mother and three Children dead  Father in law - Cochise

 The once peaceful man turns into a bold Warrior  Five months, 1645 miles, 5,000 white soldiers and 500 native scouts later  Surrenders in 1886  Dies in 1909  Last of the Great War Chiefs. “I should have fought until I was the last man alive.”

Red Cloud  “They Made us many promises, more than I can remember, but they kept one; they promised to take our land, and they did.”