Chapter 22: Global Involvements and World War I

AP Focus  U.S. involvement in Asia and Latin America  Long term causes of WWI  Sequence of events leading to U.S. involvement in WWI  Motives for getting involved in WWI  Mobilizing America for War  Suppression of civil liberties during the war  Social & economic consequences of the war for African Americans and women  Impact on progressivism  Disillusionment with the war  Entertainment technology  Aerial warfare technology

Section 1: Defining America’s World Role,

The “Open Door”: Competing for the China Market  Open Door notes  What were they? When did they get issued? Who issued them? Why were they important?  (1899,1900) John Hay—Sec. of State—issues policy addressing imperialists nations (GB, France, Germany, Russia, Japan): open trade, no monopolies  Paved the way for greater U.S. influence in Asia  Commercial considerations were increasingly influencing U.S. foreign policy  Boxer Rebellion ( )  What was the Boxer Rebellion? Who were the Boxers? What was the outcome?  Chinese secret societies formed anti- Western resentment  “Boxer’s” murdered 1000’s of foreigners (missionaries, Chinese Christians)  International Force (GB, France, Germany, Japan) including 2,500 U.S. troops (& 112 US Marines!)

The “Open Door”: Competing for the China Market  Open Door Policy- holds three beliefs of American industrial capitalist economy  1. Economy depends on exports  2. U.S. had the right to intervene to keep foreign markets open  3. Fear that the closing of an area to U.S. products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival  20 th Century Principles of U.S. Foreign Policy

The Panama Canal: Hardball Diplomacy  Panama Canal  What was the purpose of the Panama Canal? Who owned the rights to the canal? Who was the agent that sold the claim to the U.S.? How did he go about doing it? What type of challenges did the canal builders come up against? What was the final result?  U.S. envisions a shorter route from Atlantic to Pacific  French company begins construction in 1879, but goes bankrupt; Roosevelt wants to buy the rights  Colombia denies the U.S. rights to buy the land  Philippe Banau-Varilla began a revolution in Panama  Upon Panama’s new found independence, they grant the U.S. rights to use the canal  Yellow fever and malaria plagued workers  August 15, the Panama Canal opens!

Roosevelt & Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia  Make a chart, and analyze the similarities and differences between the “Roosevelt Corollary”, “Dollar Diplomacy”, and “Moral Diplomacy”.  Write a summary (3-6 sentences) describing your analysis  Research the following topics using:  1. Textbook (pg )  2. history/topics/mckinley-and- roosevelt/ history/topics/mckinley-and- roosevelt/  3. history/topics/taft-and-wilson/ history/topics/taft-and-wilson/

Wilson & Latin America  Wilson was critical of Roosevelt & Taft’s expansionist’s policies  He pledged never again to seek additional territory by conquest.  Later sends Marines into Haiti and the Dominican Republic (1915)

Wilson & Latin America  Mexican Revolution (1911)- Porfirio Diaz (dictator) is overthrown by peasants, led by Francisco Madero  Madero is assassinated, Gen Victoriano Huerta takes over  Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government  Wilson looks to safegaurd investments and protect U.S. citizens

Wilson & Latin America  April U.S. Marines invade Veracruz, Mexico in retaliation for capture of American sailors  Francisco “Pancho” Villa- leads small raids against U.S.  Murdered 35 Americans  General John J. Pershing  ordered to capture Villa  leads15,000 soldier expeditionary force  Never catches Villa  All though Villa is later assassinated

Section 2: War in Europe,

The Coming War  The acronym MANIA is often used when describing the start of the “Great War”  Describe how each word helped start World War I  Sources: d-war-i/outbreak-of-world-war-i d-war-i/outbreak-of-world-war-i  ses-of-wwi/c243q ses-of-wwi/c243q  M-ilitarism  A-lliances  N-ationalism  I-mperialism  A-ssassination

The Perils of Neutrality  Many American’s had cultural/ ancestral ties to European nations  Lusitania- German U-boats sink British passenger ship (128 Americans killed)  Wilson stands against unrestricted submarine warfare  Threatens to break diplomatic relations with Germany  U.S. Neutrality agreement… kind of?  $27 million to Germany  $2.3 billion to Allies!

The United States Enters the War  1917…  January, Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare  February, Zimmerman Telegraph intercepted  March, Russian peasants spark revolution  April, Wilson—backed by Congress—declares war!

Section 3: Mobilizing at Home, Fighting in France,

Raising, Training, and Testing an Army  U.S. is not prepared for war  200,000 service members, few officers had combat experience  Selective Service Act (1917)- required men to register for military service (draft)  Out of 4.3 million service members, 3 million were drafted  Women served in Army Corps of Nurses, Navy, and Marine Corps  Nurses, clerks, telephone operators  Roughly 400,000 African- Americans served  Segregated units; excluded from Navy and Marine Corps

Organizing the Economy for War  Congress gave Wilson direct power over the economy  War Industries Board (WIB)- coordinate military spending, regulate manufacturing (in the sake of efficiency)  Bernard Baruch- Head of the WIB  Increased industrial production by 20%

Organizing the Economy for War  Fuel Administration  Controlled coal output  Created “Day Light Savings Time”  Food Administration  Headed by Herbert Hoover  Rationed wheat, meat, and sugar

With the American Expeditionary Force in France  By the Fall of 1917, Allied victory looks bleak  German U-boats dominate the seas  French forces had mutinied  Bolsheviks pull Russia out of WWI  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- Russia signs armistice with Germany

With the American Expeditionary Force in France  October 1917, American Expeditionary Force (AEF) lands in France  Nicknamed “Doughboys”  Gen John J. Pershing- commander of all U.S. forces  Encountered new warfare:  Trench warfare  “Trench foot”, “trench mouth”  Machine guns  Chemical attacks  Airplanes  Tanks  Some troops became “shell shocked” (Post traumatic stress)

Turning the Tide  Allies mount counter- offenses  Saint-Mihiel (Sept 1918)  Meuse-Argonne forest (Sept-Nov 1918)  Germany surrenders (11:00 am, Nov 11, 1918)  Armistice Day  U.S. death toll- 48,000 KIA; 62,000 died from disease  More than 200,000 WIA

Section 4: Promoting the War and Suppressing Dissent

Advertising the War  Committee on Public Information  Wartime propaganda agency, headed by journalist George Creel  While claiming merely to combat rumors with facts, the Creel committee in reality publicized the government’s version of events and discredited all who questioned that version.

Suppressing Dissent by Law  Espionage Act  Law that set fines and prison sentences for a variety of loosely defined antiwar activities.  Sedition Amendment  Amendment to the Espionage Act that imposed stiff penalties on anyone convicted of using “disloyal, profane... or abusive language” about the government, the Constitution, the flag, or the military.

Section 5: Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America

Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America  Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture  Blacks Migrate Northward Amid New Activist Energies  Chicago Defender  Great Migration

Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America  Women in Wartime  Nineteenth Amendment- Amendment to the Constitution that granted women the right to vote.  Public Health Crisis: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic

Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America  The War and Progressivism  The Eighteenth Amendment- Amendment to the Constitution that established national prohibition of alcohol.  War Labor Board- Agency that encouraged workers to join unions and guaranteed unions’ right to bargain with management. It also pressured factory owners to introduce the eight–hour workday, end child labor, and open their plants to safety and sanitation inspectors.

Section 6: Joyous Armistice, Bitter Aftermath,

Wilson’s Fourteen Points; The Armistice 1. No secret treaties 2. Freedom of the seas 3. Promote free trade 4. Limit military spending 5. Better colonial policies National boundary lines 14. League of Nations

The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919  Great Britain, France looked to break Germany  Wilson looked to create world peace  Treaty of Versailles  Established nine new nations  Barred Germany from maintaining an army  Forced Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations  War-guilt clause- Forced Germany to admit to starting WWI

Treaty of Versailles and President Wilson, 1919 and 1921 (Handout)  Answer the questions in complete sentence.  1. How can we explain the hostility and indifference many Americans expressed toward Wilson’s efforts after the war?  2. Examine the cover of the program. How does it explain why the activities at Versailles were looked upon with so much interest?  3. Explain the concerns of Secretary McAdoo.

The Fight Over the League of Nations  League of Nations- International organization (44 countries) formed to govern international policies  Oct 2, Wilson suffers a stroke  Edith Galt (wife) manages his duties  Jan, League of Nations is adopted, without the U.S.