Why do people move? L/O: To explain the push and pull factors which make people migrate and the consequences on the countries involved Think! Why might people move?

Push and pull factors Push: (definition)Pull: (definition)

Migration Rural-urban migration Push factors: things that encourage, and sometimes force, people to leave the countryside not enough jobs lack of investment few opportunities lack of food political fears modern machinery means fewer farmers needed – lose jobs poor facilities e.g. schools, hospitals crop failure due to natural disasters such as floods and droughts overpopulation Push factors: things that encourage, and sometimes force, people to leave the countryside not enough jobs lack of investment few opportunities lack of food political fears modern machinery means fewer farmers needed – lose jobs poor facilities e.g. schools, hospitals crop failure due to natural disasters such as floods and droughts overpopulation Pull factors: things that attract people to the city more jobs better housing education and medical care ‘bright lights’ – entertainment better way of life more chance of a good water supply and more reliable food supply life expectancy is longer Pull factors: things that attract people to the city more jobs better housing education and medical care ‘bright lights’ – entertainment better way of life more chance of a good water supply and more reliable food supply life expectancy is longer The movement of people from the countryside to the city (usually LEDCs) Counterurbanisation The process by which people move away from the major cities to smaller settlements, often villages (usually MEDCs). Employment: industry declined in inner cities and move to edge-of-city and rural sites. People move for promotion or simply to find a job Housing: people move away from the city for large, modern houses with garages and gardens Environmental factors: move away from noise, air and visual pollution created by increased traffic in cities to quieter, less polluted places with open space Social factors: move away because of increased crime rates and poorer educational facilities The process by which people move away from the major cities to smaller settlements, often villages (usually MEDCs). Employment: industry declined in inner cities and move to edge-of-city and rural sites. People move for promotion or simply to find a job Housing: people move away from the city for large, modern houses with garages and gardens Environmental factors: move away from noise, air and visual pollution created by increased traffic in cities to quieter, less polluted places with open space Social factors: move away because of increased crime rates and poorer educational facilities Forced migration: when people have no choice and either have to, or are made, to move. natural disasters e.g. earthquakes man-made disasters e.g. war and ethnic cleansing overpopulation or a lack of resources, causing famine racial discrimination or religious and political persecution government schemes e.g. building of a dam Forced migration: when people have no choice and either have to, or are made, to move. natural disasters e.g. earthquakes man-made disasters e.g. war and ethnic cleansing overpopulation or a lack of resources, causing famine racial discrimination or religious and political persecution government schemes e.g. building of a dam Voluntary migration: when people choose to move improve standard of living e.g. better jobs improve quality of life e.g. retiring to live in warmer climate good services and amenities e.g. schools, hospitals, entertainment to be with friends or relatives Voluntary migration: when people choose to move improve standard of living e.g. better jobs improve quality of life e.g. retiring to live in warmer climate good services and amenities e.g. schools, hospitals, entertainment to be with friends or relatives Emigrants: people who leave a country Immigrants: people who arrive in a country

Case study: Mexico to USA International migration Task 1: Use your atlas to find ´up to date´ figures for both countries for GDP (PPP), Life Expectancy & Literacy Rates. THINK: WHY WOULD THIS MAKE PEOPLE WANT TO MIGRATE? Task 2: Study the push and pull factors for moving from Mexico to The USA! Add any extra notes you need or add meanings to words you do not understand EXTRA: Read the BBC news article! Make notes on the problems people face when they return to their own country! USAMEXICO Video notes

Push Culture to pay less money to make people work harder No resources, jobs Debt to government – risk of homelessness No job to pays debts Pull Mexicans already in the US Better life conditions Effects on Mexico Many people die Families left alone (mothers and children) Men can not return Money sent back to mexico Effects on USA Border patrols needed – 2 billion needed to control border Threat on culture – many areas of immigrants Causes friction Pay less to workers and fill jobs with no workers

What are the effects of migration? Impacts on US (positive and negative) Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons Mexicans are seen as a drain on the USA economy Migrant workers keep wages low which affects Americans They cause problems in cities due cultural and racial issues Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music The incidents of TB has been increasing greatly due to the increased migration Impacts on Mexico (positive and negative) The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people Many men emigrate leaving a majority of women who have trouble finding marriage partners Young people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very young Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants

Keywords Immigrant Emigrant Rural urban migration Forced migration Asylum seeker Counter urbanisation

7 mark question For an example of international migration which you have studied, name the countries between which people moved. Explain why many people made the decision to migrate. You should refer both to pull and to push factors. Names of countries: From To ……….