SEDIMENTARY #1 3c

#1 3c Sedimentary rock is formed when small particles of rock, evaporites or organic material accumulate in layers and are subjected to great pressure.

#2 3c

#2 3c Igneous rock forms from the cooling of a hot, molten mass of rock, either below the Earth’s surface (intrusive) or above the Earth’s surface (extrusive).

INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE #3 3c

#3 3c Intrusive magma cools more slowly and creates larger crystals than extrusive magma.

+ = + I’M MARBLOUS ! #4 3c

#4 3c Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks subjected to heat and pressure become metamorphic rock. (ex. Limestone  marble.)

#5 3c

#5 3c Rocks melt only under certain conditions, the combination of temperature, pressure and chemical makeup.

#6 3a,b

#6 3a,b The Earth is broken into at least 12 rigid plates that are moving.

Indian Plate Eurasian Plate Lithosphere Asthenosphere #7 3a,b

#7 3a.b The driving force of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading is probably related to convection currents in the Earth’s mantle - especially the asthenosphere.

#8 3a,b

#8 3a,b The energy within the Earth (geothermal) powers plate tectonics.

Ocean Ridge Avenue Continental Moving Co. Continental Moving Co. #9 3 a,b

#9 3a,b The theory of seafloor spreading explains that continents “ride” with the ocean floor as it moves away from the ridges.

Ocean Ridge Trench #10 3a

#10 3a New crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed at the trenches.

N S N S N S N S N S N S Ocean Ridge N #11 3a

#11 3a Magnetic bands of different polarities create mirror images on opposite sides of the mid-ocean ridges. This provides evidence for seafloor spreading.

#12 3c

#12 2d The continental crust is much older than the oceanic crust. This is evidence that supports seafloor spreading.

#13 3b

#13 3b Convergent plates move towards each other. Divergent plates move away from each other. Transform plates move past each other.

#14 3b

#14 3b In a transform boundary, two plates move horizontally past each other. Faults and earthquakes occur here.

Arabian Plate African Plate Great Rift Valley East Africa 10% 90% Mid-Atlantic Ridge #15 3b

#15 3b In a divergent boundary, plates separate creating a rift. Most are underwater (ocean ridges), but a few are on land (Great Rift Valley in East Africa).

#16 3b

#16 3b In a continental- oceanic boundary, ocean crust is subducted. Volcanic mountains are created.

#17 3b

#17 3b In an oceanic- oceanic boundary younger crust is subducted. Volcanic island arcs are created.

#18 3b

#18 3b In a continental- continental convergent boundary, the two buoyant crusts are pushed up into a mountain range.

#19 3d

#19 3d Magnitude rates the energy released by an earthquake and can be measured by using several different scales such as the Moment Magnitude scale and the Richter scale.

#20 3d

#20 3d Earthquake intensity is a measure of the severity of an earthquake based on observations of its effect on Earth’s surface, buildings and people. It is rated by the Modified Mercalli scale.

STRESS #21 3d

#21 3d Earthquakes occur when the stress on a fracture in the Earth (fault) is greater than the strength of the rocks.

TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 #22 3e

#22 3e Volcanoes are classified into 3 types based on size, shape, type of magma and type of eruption.

1st Basaltic SHIELD #23 3e

#23 3e Shield volcanoes are the largest with gently sloping sides and non- explosive basaltic lava flows.

2nd Silica Gases H20H20 COMPOSITE Basaltic #24 3e

#24 3e Composite (strato) volcanoes are large, have steep sides with layers of lava flows and explosive debris, often separate vents, usually violent eruptions and have varied magma types.

3rd Silica Gases H20H20 CINDER CONE #25 3e

#25 3e Cinder cone volcanoes are the smallest, have steep sides from ejected material, erupt violently and have magma high in silica and water.

PACIFIC OCEAN YOU ARE HERE (the majority at least) #26 3b

#26 3b Most volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. The majority of both of these happen in the circum-pacific belt (“Ring of Fire”).

#27 3b

#27 3b California is subject to a variety of natural hazards such as tsunamis, coastal erosion of cliffs, earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides of uplifted areas.

#28 9a

#28 9b Many of California’s valuable ore deposits (ex. gold) are the result of molten igneous rocks injected into older rocks.

Central Valley #29 9a

#29 9b The Central Valley of California is a major agricultural area and source of oil and natural gas.

N. American Plate Pacific Plate #30 9a, 4a

#30 9a, 4a Geothermal resources in California are related to mountain building and diverging plates.

#31 2d

#31 9c Agriculture and industry are the basis of California’s economy and require large amounts of water.

#32 9c

#33 9c Man-made canals and pipelines redistribute water from the northern part of California to the southern part.

#32 2d Northern California receives most of the rain but Southern California requires most of the water.

#33 9c

^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ #34 9c

#34 9c Most of California’s water comes from runoff of melting snow in the mountains.

#35 4a

#35 4a Energy that reaches the Earth from the Sun far exceeds that from within the Earth.

#36 4a

#36 4a Total energy used by society is small compared to the energy that reaches the Earth from the Sun – harnessing it is still a problem.

#37 4a

#37 4a Fossil fuels are stored in the Earth’s crust and are limited.

CO 2 + H >Glucose #38 4a, 7c

#38 4a, 7c Energy from the Sun is stored in plants through photosynthesis and is the primary source of energy for life on Earth.

OCEAN BIOSPHERE FOSSIL FUELS ATMOSPHERE #39 7b

#39 7b Carbon is held in the reservoirs of the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and fossil fuels.

CO 2 + H >Glucose Glucose + O 2 --->C0 2 + H 2 0 #40 7b

#40 7b Carbon moves through the physical environment through plate tectonics and through the biosphere during photosynthesis and respiration.

CO 2 + H >Glucose Glucose + O 2 --->C0 2 + H 2 0 #41 7b

#41 7b The energy to move carbon between Earth’s reservoirs comes from the Sun or the Earth’s internal energy.

acid CO 2 #42 7b

#42 7b In the geologic carbon cycle CO 2 in the atmosphere dissolves in water, is incorporated into shells and becomes limestone rock. Carbon is returned after being elevated and eroded or subducted, heated and erupted.