1 CM 220 Unit 3 & 4 Seminar Interpreting the Experts and Finding Your Voice: How to use APA and Avoid Plagiarism

Let’s Get Started! Tonight’s Agenda –Unit 3 Activities Review –Unit 4 Activities Preview –Finding Resources –APA Format Citation –In-Text Citations –References Page –Citing common Sources –Avoiding Plagiarism 2

ACTIVITIES REVIEW Unit 3 3

Purpose of Unit 3 Assignments Wednesday, March 14- Tuesday, March 20 Discuss what constitutes effective communication Review effective listening skills Prepare for the unit 4 project, which includes an interview worksheet and discussion of 3 secondary sources Note: You do not have to conduct the interview, or, if conducted, use it as a source in your project, but this is a great chance to get interviewing experience! 4

Unit 3 Readings Introduction to unit on communication, writing and speaking, and listening skills Schamberger, M. (1997). Elements of quality in a qualitative research interview. S. A. Archives Journal, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Cloud, J. (2010, November 29). Strike a pose. Time, 176(22), 61. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database Interview Tips and Research Resources (in one PDF document, “Interview, Research, and Quotations,” posted in Doc Sharing) 5

Unit 3 Activities Due by Midnight, Tuesday, March 20 Live Seminar or Seminar Option #2 (10points) Discussion Board: Analysis of Senate hearing videos from Fred Rogers and Al Gore (used for CLAs 4 and 5) (40points) Tech Lab: Creating websites-Kaplan optimal resume website builder, Google sites, Weebly, GoDaddy (ideas for unit 7 discussion board presentation which is then revised for the final) *No Project* 6

ACTIVITIES PREVIEW Unit 4 7

Unit 4 Overview Wednesday, March 21- Tuesday, March 27 This unit’s material emphasizes the importance of citing, paraphrasing, and quoting research material appropriately. You will review APA guidelines for formatting your papers and citing sources. An interactive quiz as well as the invention lab and project will allow you to demonstrate your citing and paraphrasing skills. 8

Unit 4 activities Due by Midnight, Tuesday, March 27 Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, chapters 11-12; Ceil Pillsbury article –Quiz: Interactive quiz on plagiarism, citation, paraphrasing/quoting/summarizing (not graded located under Reading tab) Discussion Board: Find credible research article related to your big idea, create APA citation for source & key point paraphrase (40points) 9

Seminar: Review of APA citation and paraphrasing, discussion of Ceil Pillsbury article (10points) Project: Pre-interview worksheet and comparison/contrast of 2-3 sources relating to and challenging your big idea (100points) Tech Lab: Social networking, such as blogs and Facebook, as communication methods 10 Unit 4 activities Due by Midnight, Tuesday, March 27

UNIT 4 Tech Lab 11 TECHNOLOGY - FORMAT DIFFICULTYDESCRIPTIONTUTORIAL - HELP Blog (e.g., Blogger, Wordpress, Tumblr) 1 A website format that allows for brief updates on a particular topic/interest; blog visitors can respond to the initial blog posts and keep the discussion going. Users need to create an account to setup personal blogs. Blogs in Plain English video Facebook2 This is a social networking website that allows users to share interests and connections through pages constructed around tools available through Facebook. Examples include: ASPCA, American Red Cross, UNICEF, or Reading is Fundamental (RIF) Facebook help or tutorial (Facebook 101)

Unit 4 Graded Assignments Discussion Board: Find a credible research article related to your big idea, write an APA reference page and in-text citation for that source, and paraphrase a key point from the article. Project: Complete pre-interview worksheet, comparison/contrast of 2-3 sources relating to and challenging your big idea, create References Page for your sources. –Use Unit 4 Project Template posted in Docsharing folder & in assignment directions. Erase the assignment direction text when submitting. 12

Unit 4 Project This project focuses primary & secondary research for final project. There are 3 parts to this project to complete. Part 1) Fill out pre-interview worksheet: use full sentences and Standard American English. Part 2) In two paragraphs, summarize 3 secondary sources related to your big idea. At least one of these needs to present challenges and disagreements. Compare and contrast the approaches these authors take towards this issue, and determine which sources will be helpful and why. Part 3) Create a References page that lists sources in Part 2. REQUIRED FORMAT: Include an APA-style Title Page and References Page. Parts one and two should be approximately 2 pages long. All aspects of this project should be in APA manuscript style (see WC reading on APA manuscript style & final project requirements for more information). 13

Unit 4 Project Rubric 14 A points Content and Organization: Part I: Responses to all pre-interview questions are written in complete sentences. Includes both open and closed questions which are original and appropriate for the interview subject and topic. Part II: Paragraphs for part 2 are well-developed, coherent, and logically organized. Summarizes, assesses, and reflects upon 3 secondary sources, one of which presents challenges to the student’s “big idea.” Sources are appropriate for an academic audience. Part III: Creates a References page with citations for each of the sources in Part II. Follows APA guidelines. Style and Mechanics: The style is appropriate to the assignment, and sentences are engaging to read as well as clear, concise, and precise. Project is free of serious errors; grammar, punctuation, and spelling help to clarify the meaning by following accepted conventions of Standard American English.

FINDING RESOURCES Unit 4 15

Finding Credible Sources Library databases Online journals Googlescholar.com Look for sources with known authors, reputable publishers, cited sources Always verify information Avoid wikipedia.com and other questionable sources 16

Evaluating Resources Determine if Scholarly Formal language and presentation Author(s) who are academics or scientists Footnotes and/or bibliography documenting sources used Original research and interpretation (rather than summary of other’s people’s work) Quotations from primary resources Description of research methods

Evaluating Resources Check for signs of bias Does the author or publisher have political leanings or religious views that could affect objectivity? Is the author or publisher associated with special- interest group that might see only one side of an issue? Are alternative views presented and addressed? How fairly does the author treat opposing views? Does the author’s language show signs of bias?

Evaluating Resources Assess an Argument What is the author’s central claim or thesis? How does the author support this claim-with relevant and sufficient evidence or with just a few anecdotes or emotional examples? Are statistics consistent with those you encounter in other sources? Have they been used fairly? Does the author explain where the statistics come from? Are any of the author’s assumptions questionable? Does the author consider opposing arguments and refute them persuasively? Does the author fall prey to any logical fallacies?

Library Tips and Tricks Weekly Library Tips & Tricks chat: Tuesdays at 8:00pm ET –live virtual classroom to discuss the library’s resources, new features in the library, research strategies, & hopefully tips to make your research life much easier. –find the link and more information on the calendar at the Research Guides page in the library. a librarian (link on library homepage) Live Chat (link on library hompage) *Use library videos I posted in our course announcements to help you become comfortable with the library.* 20

APA FORMAT & CITATION Unit 4 21

WHAT IS APA? American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology. Most Kaplan courses require it. Guides the layout of the document Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited in-text Exception: interviews or other personal communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text 22

APA—6 th edition New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5 th edition The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes Main changes: 1.DOI 2.Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1) 3.Title page 23

APA 6 th Edition and DOI Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3). Example: Schnermann, P., & Schieberle, P. (1997). Evaluation of key odorants in milk chocolate and cocoa mass by aroma extract dilution analyses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45 (3), pp doi: /jf960670h 24

Instructions on Formatting Joni Boone, a Writing Center specialist, has designed a video showing students how to set up documents in APA format. folders/Jing/media/50487d db4- a96c-ee7cb86ba03c Also see resources in Unit 4 reading materials, Writing Center’s extensive APA resources, and 25

Document Formatting and Title Page 26

Body Page 2 27

References Page 28

APA Format Requires 1.Following formatting rules 2.Including proper Citation –In-Text parenthetical citation –References page citation 29

Why is it Important to Cite? Helps to build credibility Shows your readers you are honest and that you have done your research! Gives reader necessary information to find sources and do further research Helps avoid issues with plagiarism. 30

How to Cite No matter how you use the source, whether quoted, paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited both in-text and on the References page. List sources alphabetically on the References page and make sure citations match up (author, title, or organization name in in-text citation should be the first part of the entry on the References page). Cite within the paper where you use these sources-show WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS 31

What are the two basic parts of documentation? 1.In-text citations 2.References page

What are two ways you can use information from a text? Direct Quotes Someone else's exact words or numbers. Requires: 1)placing borrowed words within quotation marks 2) parenthetical citation 3) Full citation on References page Paraphrases Someone else’s ideas that you put into your own words. DO NOT simply change a few words and consider it a paraphrase— that’s plagairism, even if it is unintentional To paraphrase, use your own words and sentence structure. Requires: 1) parenthetical citation 2) Full citation on References page

APA Citation Basics Cite direct quotes and paraphrases Parenthetical and References content varies based on type of source Author-Date Method : –In Text: author's last name and date (Jones, 1998). Or (Jones, 1998, p. 3) –References: full citation in bibliography at end of paper

APA IN TEXT CITATIONS Requires two or three pieces of information:  Author’s last name  Year  Page or paragraph number (required for direct quotes only) (Thompson, 2007) (Thompson, 2007, p. 345) OR (Thompson, 2007, ¶ 4) A survey by the Census Bureau indicates that half of American households have a computer (Thompson, 2007). According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population have computers” (p. 345). 35

APA IN TEXT CITATIONS with no author Many sources do not have a cited author. Websites, for example, often use a CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, USDA). If no individual author is listed, cite by the CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, 2008) or if no corporate author is listed, by the title of the article or page you are using (New Technologies in the Workplace, 2009). 36

Tip: Avoid Dropped Quotes! Dropped quote: stand-alone quotation –interrupt essay flow and coherence Failing to introduce a quote can lead to reader confusion Dropped quote: The protagonist Holden gets frustrated and decides to leave. "People are always ruining things for you" (Salinger, 1997, p. 88). Integrated Quote: The protagonist, Holden, gets frustrated and decides to leave, claiming that "people are always ruining things for you" (Salinger, 1997, p. 88).

PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing involves taking source ideas & translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure. –The source’s meaning and ideas are not changed. Requires in-text parenthetical citation and full bibliography entry in References Page *Simply changing a couple words and offering text as paraphrasing is plagiarism.*

How to Paraphrase 1.Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2.Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase without looking at the original source. 3.Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 4.Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. 5.Create your in-text parenthetical citation and full bibliography citation.

Paraphrase Example The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester, 1976, p ). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. (Lester, 1976, p ).

The first word in your citation on the References Page is the first word in your in- text citation. This is the word you alphabetize by on References Page. Examples: – References page: Smith, J. (2010). American…. – In the text: (Smith, 2010, p. 25). If there isn't any author listed, use the title of the article. – References page: To test or not to test. (2009)…. – In the text: (To test, 2009, p. 3). In-text Citation & Full Citation must match!

References page formatting Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters. Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner. Alphabetize by author’s last name. Double-space throughout. Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces). Match with in-text citations. Italicize titles of books and periodicals. 42

References Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), Hu, Y., Wood, J.F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1), Tidwell, L.C., & Walther, J.B. (2002). Computer- mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28(3), Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary relationships. Behaviour Change, 21(2),

Common Source Types Books Journal articles Magazine articles Newspaper articles Web sites Interviews Speeches Remember, each source has a specific formatting style! 44

Book with one author Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand. Author. (Publication year). Title. City of publication: publishing company. IN TEXT CITATION: (Maslow, 1974). 45

Journal Article Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of Social Issues, 21(10), Author. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal name, volume #(issue #), page number(s). IN TEXT CITATION: (Miller, 1969). For direct quote: (Miller, 1969, p. 27). 46

Magazine Article McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, Author’s name. (year/month of publication). Article title. Magazine Name, volume #, page number(s). IN TEXT CITATION: (McCurdy, 1983). 47

Newspaper Article James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14. Author’s name. (Publication date). Article title. Newspaper name, page # and section. IN TEXT CITATION: (James, 1993). 48

Internet Source-author known Smith, K. & Jones, M. (2003). Building a better rifle. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from Please note that APA has changed its rule about including a RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change (updated material, for example), a Retrieval date is required; otherwise, no retrieval date is included 49

Internet Source—Corporate Author U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003). Guidelines for growing certified organic foods (USDA Publication No ). Retrieved from IN TEXT CITATION: (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2003). 50

Internet Sources Keep in mind that internet source citation styles can vary dramatically depending upon what information you have available. You want to include as much information as possible, make sure the link works, and ensure that the link on the references page takes the reader directly to the relevant page. 51

PLAGIARISM Unit 4 52

What is plagiarism? 53

Why Use Sources? Sources can 1.support our own reasoning and logic with expert opinion 2.add credibility to an idea 3.provide additional information Sources cannot 1.be the entire essay 2.string together to create entire paragraphs Above all, do not use a series of paraphrases and quotations as your whole paragraph. Paragraphs are not compilations of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only. 54

Using Sources Appropriately Use to support and explain YOUR own ideas Consider drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas. Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space Interact with and analyze source information Do not over-quote! 55

To Avoid Plagiarizing... Cite in-text and on the references page Paraphrase only if translating into your own words & style Quote if using the source’s exact language 56

That’s all I have for you tonight! Thank you for your attention! ANY QUESTIONS??? 57