CHAPTER 10: SEXUALITY AND GENDER Section 2: The Psychological Side of Human Sexuality: Gender

GENDER ROLES AND GENDER TYPING  Sex is defined by the _________ characteristics of being male or female  Gender: the _______________ aspects of being male or female  Gender Roles: the _________ ___________ for masculine or feminine behavior, including ______, _______, and personality ________ associated with being male or female in that culture

GENDER ROLES AND GENDER TYPING  Gender typing: the process of ________ ________________ characteristics  Gender Identity: the individual’s ____ of ______ male or female  Influenced by  __________________

GENDER ROLES AND GENDER TYPING  By age 2-3, children can ____ themselves as boys or girls  By age 5, most children have ________ the thoughts, expectations, and behaviors that accompany their gender role

GENDER ROLES AND GENDER TYPING  Vary by _______  May vary even within a society  _______ over time  Give _________ _________ to gender identity

SECTION 3: THEORIES OF GENDER-ROLE DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY  Emphasizes learning through ____________ and _______ of models  Children learn gender role by observing and imitating _______, ___________, and _____________  The models ______ certain behaviors– for example, the toys parents buy for their children

GENDER SCHEMA THEORY  Gender Schema theory: a child develops a __________, or schema, for being male or female and then _____________ observed and learned behavior around that schema  When schema for “boy” or “girl” is in place, and they _______ with one or the other, they _______ other members of that schema  Then they ______________________ consistent with ____________ gender  Ex. A boy watching football and then engaging in rough and tumble play

GENDER STEREOTYPING  Stereotype: a _______ held about a person or group of people that is based on ___________, _________ characteristics  Gender Stereotypes: a _______ held about a person or group of people that is based on ____________ or _____________  Ex. Men—aggressive, logical, decisive, unemotional, insensitive, impatient, and mechanically talented  Ex. Women– illogical, changeable, emotional, sensitive, naturally nurturing, patient, doesn’t understand machines

GENDER STEREOTYPING  Sexism: _________ about males and/or females leading to ________________________________  Benevolent sexism: __________ of ____________ stereotypes of males and females that leads to ____________________  Positive stereotype for men– they are strong and protective of women  Implies _________________________________  Positive stereotype for women– natural nurturance of children  ______________________________________

ANDROGYNY  Sandra Bem  Androgyny: characteristic of possessing the mostly _____________________ characteristics of males and females, regardless of ______________________  Allows people to be more ___________ in everyday behavior and career choices

SECTION 4: GENDER DIFFERENCES

COGNITIVE GENDER DIFFERENCES  Original research showed females scored higher on _______ abilities, whereas males scored higher on ____ and _____ skills  It also showed men use their _____ hemisphere for listening, and women used ___________  Suggests men pay attention to _______, and women pay attention to ______ and ____________

COGNITIVE GENDER DIFFERENCES  Current research actually shows that women and men are about the same in ________________________  Any differences that once were are ____________ now  Males and females perform about the same in ____ and ______ skills until _________________  Males tend to outperform  Lack of __________ and ______________ explains any differences in female math and science skills  Ultimately there are ____ differences ___________ between men and women

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES  Boys are taught to hold in their ______, not to ____, to be “_______” and “________”  Girls are encouraged to form __________ attachments, be ________, and be open about their _________ with others

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES  Girls are __________ into thinking they will not do well in math and science  Treatment by __________  Messages in the _______  Messages from ________  Thankfully, we have several programs that are now encouraging girls to enter _______________________

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES Females  “_______” style  Revealing a lot about their ________ lives  Showing _______ and sympathy  _________ each other less and let everyone participate in the conversation Males  “_________” style  Talk about current ____, ______, and other events  _____________ frequently with attempts to ________ the conversation  _______ others more while they talking (___________) Communication Styles

SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES Females  _________ aggression  More guilty feelings or __________  ____________ forms of aggression  ____________ about or rejecting, ___________, __________ the target of aggression Males  ________ aggression  More likely to use play _________ or ____ and tumble play  Starts at a young age– expected to solve conflicts with _________ Aggression

CHANGING GENDER ROLES  Pre 1960s– few women in career fields  Expected to quit work after got married to have and raise children  Mid 1980s– most women have jobs  For men and women, works provides ______________________________ ______________________________  However, studies show:  Women do not _________ as quickly as men  Women occupy _____________ of leadership positions