French Absolutism, Enlightenment, & Revolution! Outcome: Napoleon Bonaparte

Constructive Response Question 5. Trace the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.

What Will We Learn? 1. Early military success 2. Napoleon rules France 3. The Continental System 4. The Peninsular War 5. Invasion of Russia 6. Banished X 2

Napoleon: Who was he?

The Character A born leader, with a sense of his own importance A sense of pride and honor Charismatic Generous Smaller physically than the other boys, but always in fights- a Corsican trait Extraordinary intelligence (photographic memory?) Above all…ambitious!

Napoleon Bonaparte 1. Napoleon Bonaparte: Who was he? a. Born in 1769 on Mediterranean Island of Corsica b. Short guy- only 5 feet 3 inches tall- or was he? c. Considered one of greatest military leaders of all time

Napoleon Bonaparte 2. Successes and Coup d’etat a. October 1795 rebels marched on National Convention where Napoleon and his gunners successfully forced rebels to panic and flee. Hailed as a hero in France. b Napoleon appointed to lead French army against Austria and Kingdom of Sardinia - swept into Italy and won a series of victories c. Tried to repeat success in Egypt but defeated by Horatio Nelson. Napoleon kept this news out of newspapers and was still a hero to France Score one victory for French archaeologists- they discovered the Rosetta Stone, which helped us to decipher ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics d. By 1799, The Directory had lost political confidence of people and after returning from Egypt, Napoleon is urged to seize political power ( this is called a Coup d’etat - sudden seizure of power or blow to the state) e. Napoleon becomes first consul and assumes power as a dictator

Napoleon Bonaparte 3. Napoleon Rules France a plebiscite (vote of the people) approved a new constitution which gave all the real power to Napoleon as first consul; Kept many changes from the Revolution b. Righted economy by creating national banking system and efficient tax collection c. Signed concordat (agreement) with Pope- government recognized influence of the Church but rejected Church control in national affairs d. Created Napoleonic Code- uniform set of laws that eliminated many injustices e. Napoleon also dismissed corrupt public officials and in order to replace them with well-trained government officials, opened up lycées which were government-run public schools open to all male students of all backgrounds. he did not allow freedom of speech or freedom of the press f. Despite all of this, he did not allow freedom of speech or freedom of the press. Why do you think?

Code Napoleon, 1804 aIt divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. aIt divides civil law into:  Personal status.  Property.  The acquisition of property. aIts purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. aCreate one law code for France. aIts purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. aCreate one law code for France.

Napoleon and His Code

“Rules do not apply to me!”

Napoleon Bonaparte 3. Napoleon Rules France Continued… e. Crowned himself emperor in took crown from pope and placed on own head

From Hero of the Common Man to Royalty

Napoleon Bonaparte 3. Napoleon Rules France Continued… he also tried and failed to reinstate slavery and French rule in Haiti f. Sold Louisiana Territory to President Jefferson in 1803 for $15 million; $ was used to finance his European wars of conquest ; he also tried and failed to reinstate slavery and French rule in Haiti

Napoleon Bonaparte 3. Napoleon Rules France Continued… g. Created largest empire in Europe since the Romans h. Lost naval Battle of Trafalgar to British and Horatio Nelson which had 2 effects: i. Ensured supremacy of British Navy for next 100 years ii. Forced Napoleon to give up plans for Britain iii. Unfortunately for Admiral Nelson, he won the battle but lost his life! i. By 1812, Napoleon controlled Spain, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and German Kingdoms as well as France

What would happen to my empire if I die? No male heir means “Au revoir, fair Josephine” Bonjour, Marie Louise!

Josephine’s Bedroom

Napoleon’s Throne

Napoleon’s Bed Chamber

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810 Whenever Napoleon conquers a new territory, he places one of his siblings on the throne. The idea is to have the rulers be loyal to him and to him alone. It didn’t always work out that way. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810 Whenever Napoleon conquers a new territory, he places one of his siblings on the throne. The idea is to have the rulers be loyal to him and to him alone. It didn’t always work out that way.

Napoleon’s Family Rules! eJerome Bonaparte - King of Westphalia. eJoseph Bonaparte - King of Spain eLouis Bonaparte - King of Holland ePauline Bonaparte - Princess of Italy eNapoléon Francis Joseph Charles - King of Rome eElisa Bonaparte - Grand Duchess of Tuscany eCaroline Bonaparte - Queen of Naples

Napoleon Bonaparte 4. Three Costly Mistakes a. Continental System: i. To crush Great Britain, Napoleon used a blockade to prevent trade and communication between Great Britain and Europe ii. Not tight enough, smugglers got through iii. Great Britain responded with own blockade- more effective iv. Led to War of 1812 (Great Britain vs. America)

Napoleon Bonaparte b. The Peninsular War i. Guerrilla fighters in Spain resisted Napoleon’s forces who were trying to enforce Continental System on Spain ii. Napoleon loses 300,000 men which weakens French Empire

Napoleon Bonaparte c. Invasion of Russia i. Breakdown on Russian-French alliance caused Napoleon to invade Russia ii. Napoleon brought 600,000 soldiers iii. Russians used scorched earth policy- burning supplies to hinder enemy iv. Czar Alexander destroys Moscow by time Napoleon takes city v. Russian army attacks Napoleon’s troops on way back, only 10,000 are left

Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city. aSeptember 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. aThe Russians had set fire to the city.

Moscow Is On Fire!

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)

Napoleon Bonaparte 5. Napoleon’s Downfall a. Napoleon’s army was defeated allied army of European powers at the Battle of Leipzig, and by early 1814 the leaders of Prussia and Russia marched triumphantly through French capital b. April 1814, Napoleon accepted terms of surrender and gave up throne Vocab term- abdicate c. Banished to tiny Italian island, Elba (located in the Mediterranean, just south of France) d. Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII, took power but was very unpopular (because he tried to repeal many of the reforms that had taken place during the revolution). If you’re wondering what happened to Louis XVII, he died as a youngster in prison during the revolution.

Napoleon in Exile on Elba

Louis XVIII (r )

Napoleon Bonaparte 5. Napoleon’s Downfall Continued… e. Napoleon escapes Elba and in March 1815 lands back in France f. Joyous crowds welcome him back and within days was emperor of France again g. Europe responded: Britain and Prussia attacked at Battle of Waterloo h. Defeat at Waterloo ended 2 nd bid for power known as the Hundred Days i. Exiled to St. Helena - island in South Atlantic j. Died of a stomach ailment in 1821, …or was it?

Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

Napoleon’s Tomb

Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb June 28, 1940

Napoleon Bonaparte Result: Napoleon was a military genius but millions of lives were lost in his wars. The British would become the dominant force in Europe and European countries were freed to establish a new order.

Napoleon’s Legacy: Hero of the revolution or dictator? Hero Conquered most of Europe and redrew its map Brought both economic and social stability to France after the revolution Restored France’s relationship with the Catholic Church Created a new code of laws still in use today Villain Did not allow freedom of speech or press Took France to war to satisfy his desire for glory Wreaked havoc on Europe, causing millions of deaths

Constructive Response Question 5. Trace the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.