© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Ecological relationships Classification What lives here? Energy flow 8D Ecological relationships

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Classification 8D Ecological relationships

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D What’s that? Biology is full of long words. Do you know what the words vertebrate and invertebrate mean? Are these vertebrates or invertebrates?

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D The animal kingdom Which group do you think that these belong to? crabsea urchin frogpenguin

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Sowing the seeds… Plants are often classified according to how they reproduce. Which of these do you think produce seeds?

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Trick! A lichen is a fungus and an alga growing together, not a plant. 8D The plant kingdom What group do these belong to? conifer dicotyledon fern

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college What lives here? 8D Ecological relationships

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D What lives here? To describe the living things in an area you need to know: What lives there (the biological names) and how many of each type of organism are present. You use a key to find the names. How do you find the number of organisms? How many plants in this pot? How many bluebells in this wood?

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Quadrats Instead of counting the bluebells, biologists count samples. To do this they use a frame called a quadrat. They can put it on the ground to show exactly one square metre.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Quadrats A quadrat measures one metre by one metre. There were 30 bluebell plants in my quadrat. The woodland area with bluebells covers 3,245 square metres. So, how many bluebells in the whole wood?

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Sample data The total woodland area is 3,245 square metres. How many bluebells if you only used data from sample 1? How many bluebells if you only used data from sample 2? How many bluebells if you average the data from all the samples? Should you ignore sample 2? SampleBluebells present

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Rules for collecting data Take small samples and multiply up your results. Collect more than one sample if you can. Share the work with others. Take your samples randomly – this means that you may have some surprises in the data. If you are working with other people make sure that they are collecting data in the same way.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college Energy flow 8D Ecological relationships

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Food for all What is the name of the reaction that produces food on which all life depends? The food is produced by the green plants. Some animals eat the plants. What are they called? Some animals eat other animals. What are they called? Everything depends on the plants because only they can make food by... Photosynthesis

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D A few words to check Can you match each word to its definition? Carnivores Consumers Producers Herbivores Omnivores Animals that eat plants and animals. Organisms that build food using energy from sunlight. Animals that only eat plants. Organisms that cannot make food by photosynthesis. Animals that only eat animals. Animals that only eat animals. Organisms that cannot make food by photosynthesis. Organisms that build food using energy from sunlight. Animals that only eat plants. Animals that eat plants and animals.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Revising chains and webs A researcher wants to show that a rabbit eats grass. Which is correct? rabbitgrass grassrabbit rabbitgrass The arrow always points to the organism that does the eating.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Webs and numbers of organisms A farmer clears the blackberry plants to make way for a field of grass. What happens to the greenfly population? What happens to the vole population? Why? What happens to the rabbit population? Why?

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Webs and numbers of organisms

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Webs and total numbers Sometimes biologists try to simplify food webs by sorting all the organisms into levels depending on the food they eat. The primary producers are level 1. All the animals that eat them are called primary consumers. They are level 2. The animals that eat primary consumers are called secondary consumers. They are level 3. The animals that eat secondary consumers are called tertiary or third consumers. They are level 4.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Pyramids of numbers In this food web there is lots of grass. The wide bar shows this. Lots of animals live on the grass. But there are fewer hares than grass plants so the bar is narrower. It takes quite a lot of hares to feed one eagle so the third layer up is even narrower. What levels are the grass, the hares, and eagles? eagle grass hare

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Strange pyramids! Here’s a strange pyramid! How does it work? This layer includes all the leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. A single oak tree can have millions of these! This layer includes the birds and animals that eat the insects. Now we’re back to sensible pyramids! This layer is a large old oak tree. It’s huge but there’s only one so the bar is very narrow. caterpillar oak tree blackbird

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Pyramids of biomass Another way to look at pyramids is to measure the weight of living materials at each level. The biomass pyramids work well for grassland. They also make sense of our strange oak tree pyramid. Why? grass hare eagle oak tree caterpillar blackbird

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Explaining pyramids The primary producers can capture lots of energy from the Sun. They grow and reproduce very well to make a large population. When a rabbit eats grass some of the energy is lost. This passes out in faeces or is used just keeping the rabbit alive. The same is true for the foxes that eat the rabbits, so the next layer up has even fewer animals. Pyramids of numbers make sense because of the energy lost between levels.

© OUP: To be used solely in purchaser’s school or college 8D Testing ecology 1. Carnivore means… a) an animal that eats meat b) an animal that is eaten by another animal c) an animal that eats plants. 2. Prey animals often have camouflage to… a) hide from predators b) attract a mate c) keep them warm at night.