Beyond PubMed – Making the Most of Google Power Searching & Grey Literature Philip J. Gregory, PharmD, MS, FACN Director, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice Creighton University March 5, 2016

Disclosures Consultant Therapeutic Research Center

Learning Objectives Differentiate grey literature from other types of literature. Identify sources of grey literature. Describe the Google-PubMed search triad and how it can be applied to find drug information. Implement Google Power Searching techniques to identify drug information.

Grey Literature Literature that isn’t in a book, journal, or published newsletter Not controlled by commercial publishing Governmental publications Academic / Business / organizational documents Print or electronic formats 4 th International Conference on Grey Literature, 1999

Grey Literature – Examples Conference abstracts, posters, proceedings Hospital protocols, reports, monographs Governmental reports and documents Theses, Dissertations Listserv communications Social media or personal communications

Grey Literature – Where can you find it? Specialty databases International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) Web of Science Guidelines.gov / Clinicaltrials.gov Many others Institutional Repositories Organizational websites Search engines (e.g., Google, Bing)

Grey Literature – You’re already using it Drug manufacturer data Package insert / data on file Medical information communications FDA documents Safety alerts / recalls Orange book, Purple book Hospital Protocols PRN Communications

Grey Literature – You’re already using it Organizational websites Treatment guidelines Health statistics Position papers CDC website Immunization schedules Guidelines / statistics

Some favorites… VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services (

Some favorites… FDAble (

Some favorites… Canada Vigilance Adverse Reaction Database (webprod3.hc-sc.gc.ca/arquery-rechercheei/index-eng.jsp)

Some favorites… AHRQ Evidence-Based Practice Center Reports ( reports/a-z/index.html)

Grey Literature Advantages Abundant Complementary to published literature Fills in gaps Cutting edge data Decrease publication bias Pulse of the community Currency Low-cost

Grey Literature Limitations Lack of peer review or quality control Disorganized Varied formats Agenda of mission-based organizational publications Currency

INCORPORATING GREY LITERATURE Answering Drug information Questions

Search Triad PubMedGoogle Google Scholar Focused Review Literature Search Focused Specialty Resource Search What is the role of triple antithrombotic therapy? Guidelines -Guidelines -Reviews -Trials Protocols -Protocols Guidelines -Guidelines Reports (AHRQ) -Reports (AHRQ) Guidelines -Guidelines -Reviews -Trials UptoDate DynaMed -Pharmacist’s Letter Guidelines Known Guidelines (CHEST, ACC/AHA)

Search Triad PubMedGoogle ScholarGoogle Precision search Controlled vocabulary Extensive filters Known journal index Grey literature access Search flexibility Natural vocabulary Full-text search Broad literature coverage Limited advanced search More grey literature access Search flexibility Natural vocabulary Full-text search Questionable sources Limited advanced search Extensive grey literature access

PubMed vs. Google Scholar P=0.07 P<0.001 Shariff SZ, et al. J Med Internet Res 2013;15(8):e164

PubMed vs. Google Scholar Nourbakhse E, et al. Health Info Libr J 2012;29(3): P< P=0.036 P=0.116

PubMed vs. Google Scholar Anders ME, et al. Respir Care 2010;55(5): P<0.001 P=0.87 P=0.44

Google Power Searching Maximizing Google search features to find relevant drug information Primary literature, review literature, grey literature Advanced Search Search operators Review top hits

Google Power Searching Filetype: Find articles of specific file types Example: filetype:pdf filetype:doc filetype:ppt

Google Power Searching Site: Find content from specific sites Example: Site:.org Site:.gov Site:.edu Site: accp.com

Google Power Searching Intitle: and allintitle: Narrow search findings to title only Example: Intitle: therapeutic interchange allintitle:ondansetron safety pregnancy nausea

Google Power Searching Related: Finds websites with similar content Related:cdc.gov Related:cebm.net

Google Power Searching Other Tools “Word” – turns off spell check and synonym search “Search phrase” – forces specific order of words "bulk drug storage" expiration - to eliminate a word from search results “Triple antithrombotic therapy” -”atrial fibrillation”

Case How should vancomycin be dosed for sepsis in patients on dialysis? filetype:pdf vancomycin sepsis dialysis

Case Does ginger increase the risk of bleeding in patients taking antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs? Site:.gov ginger “bleeding” -ulcer

Case

Grey Literature Resources About Grey Literature Grey Literature Report ( Grey Matters ( matters-practical-search-tool-evidence-based-medicine) matters-practical-search-tool-evidence-based-medicine OpenGrey ( GreyNet International (

Philip J. Gregory, PharmD, MS, FACN Director, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice Creighton University

Assessment Question Which is an example of grey literature (select all that apply)? A.An article in AJHP B.Prescription drug prescribing information C.Pharmacotherapy textbook D.The FDA Orange Book

Assessment Question Identify sources of grey literature (select all that apply): A.CDC.gov B.AHRQ.gov C.Journal of Clinical Toxicology D.Google

Assessment Question Which represents the components of the Google- PubMed Triad? A.Google, FDA, PubMed B.Guidelines, Google, UptoDate C.Guidelines, Google Scholar, PubMed D.PubMed, Google, Google Scholar

Assessment Question Which Google search operator could be used to find “PDF” documents? A.Filetype:.pdf B.Articletype:.pdf C.Site:.pdf D.“PDF”