Chapter 9, Section The Industrial Age (a.k.a. 2 nd Industrial Revolution) 1800–1914

Chapter 9, Section New Industrial Powers  Belgium was 2nd industrialized European nation.  Germany united into a powerful nation in Within 30 years, it was Europe’s leading industrial power.  US made rapid technological advances, especially after Civil War ( ). By 1900, American industry led world in production.  Japan industrialized rapidly after  Canada, New Zealand, and Australia built thriving industries.  Eastern & Southern Europe industrialized more slowly – lacked natural resources or the capital to invest. Although Great Britain (GB) was starting place of Industrial Revolution, by mid-1800s, other nations industrialized; some challenged GB’s industrial supremacy. Section 1

Chapter 9, Section Centers of Industry Section 1

Chapter 9, Section Technology & Industry Alessandro Volta developed 1 st battery Michael Faraday created 1 st electric motor & 1 st dynamo (machine that generates electricity) Thomas Edison made 1 st practical electric light bulb – he developed 1 st power plant Chemists created 100s of new products. New chemical fertilizers led to increased food production. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. Henry Bessemer developed the Bessemer process to produce stronger steel. Steel became major material used in tools, bridges, & RR. ELECTRICITY CHEMICALS STEEL Science, technology, & industry spurred economic growth. Manufacturers designed products w/ interchangeable parts; also intro. assembly line Section 1

Chapter 9, Section Advances in Transportation & Communication TRANSPORTATION Steamships & RR connected cities & seaports, mining regions & ind. centers Nikolaus Otto invented gasoline-powered internal combustion engine Karl Benz patented 1st automobile Henry Ford mass produced cars Orville & Wilbur Wright designed & flew 1 st airplane COMMUNICATION Samuel Morse developed 1 st telegraph & lines b/w Baltimore & Wash., DC (▪ ▪ ▪ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▪ ▪ ▪) Alexander Graham Bell patented telephone Guglielmo Marconi invented radio (1901 = 1 st trans-Atlantic radio message) Both vastly transformed by technology. Section 1

Chapter 9, Section Rise of Big Business New technologies required investment of large amounts of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors. Large-scale companies formed corporations (businesses owned by many investors who buy shares of stock) Powerful business leaders created monopolies & trusts Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces & formed a cartel (an association of businesses/corporations that join together to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets) Section 1

Chapter 9, Section Population Explosion Between 1800 & 1900, population of Europe more than doubled. Rapid growth was not due to larger families, but fall of the death rate Drop in death rate because:  People ate better.  Medical knowledge increased.  Public sanitation improved.  Hygiene improved. YearMaleFemale years42.8 years years44.7 years years48.5 years years56.0 years Section 2

Chapter 9, Section Advances in Medicine JOSEPH LISTER – discovered how antiseptic prevented infection FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE – insisted on better hygiene in wartime field hospitals; intro. sanitary measures in Brit. Hospitals; started the world’s 1st nursing school. ROBERT KOCH – identified bacteria causing tuberculosis LOUIS PASTEUR – proved link b/w microbes & disease; developed vaccines against rabies & anthrax, and discovered process of pasteurization Improved medicine & hygiene had major role in life expectancy increasing (in industrialized countries) Section 2

Chapter 9, Section Advances in Physical Science 1895 – William Roentgen (Ger.) discovered X-rays & developed x-ray photographic process 1897 – J.J. Thompson (Eng.) discovered electrons & developed subatomic theory 1898 – Pierre & Marie Curie (Fr.) discovered radioactivity 1900 – Max Planck (Ger.) developed quantum theory Albert Einstein – (Ger.) developed several significant theories, e.g. general theory of relativity (gravity = a field in the space-time continuum), & the special theory of relativity Section 2

Chapter 9, Section Advances in Biological Science 1859 – Charles Darwin (British) published On the Origin of Species & theory of evolution became popular; he was influenced by: –Jean Lamarck (French) – theorized living beings adapted physically in response to environment –Thomas Malthus (British) – developed “survival of the fittest” theory 1858 – Rudolf Virchow (German) expanded cell theory to establish –Cells are basic unit of living matter –Diseases caused by destruction of cells Section 2

Chapter 9, Section Advances in Biological Science 1860s-1870s – Gregor Mendel (Austrian monk) experimented with cross-pollinating pea plants –Discovered traits can be hidden in generations –Established basis for genetics Section 2

Chapter 9, Section Social Sciences Section 2 Political science began as study of government, not politics Economics began because foundations laid by Adam Smith & Thomas Malthus Anthropology began as the interest in human culture & society grew Sociology began & gave rise to theory of social Darwinism (Darwin’s theories applied to evolution of human societies)

Chapter 9, Section Social Sciences Section 2 Psychology (study of the mind) developed when Wilhelm Wundt (German) started 1st lab to study the mind Ivan Pavlov (Russian) discovered process of classical conditioning while studying digestive process of dogs Sigmund Freud (Austrian) developed theories about the unconscious mind, establishing an approach known as psychoanalysis (process of revealing and analyzing the unconscious)