Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War Introduction Introduction  U.S. enters in 4/1917  First truly total war (civilians, too)  By 1918, a whole generation of Europe was gone  For the U.S., we lost only 112,000 (1/2 to disease)  We had a boom in the economy as a result  War propelled us to the top of the heap  But the war led to domestic and global instability

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Promoting the War in Australia. (Private Collection) Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Road to War The Road to War –The Collapse of the European Peace European Peace  Competing Alliances –German v. England –Read bottom 776 now!

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Road to War The Road to War –Wilson’s Neutrality  Economic Ties to Britain  The Lusitania The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Road to War The Road to War –Wilson’s Neutrality (Allies v. Central Powers)  Economic Ties to Britain = No to German Blockade  Germans used Submarine Warfare (Lusitania)  Germany remained aggressive at sea (Fr. Sussex)  Germany finally backed off at Wilson’s demand –Not ready to take on the U.S.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Road to War The Road to War –Preparedness versus Pacifism Pacifism  1916 Election  War is an issue  Debate on buildup  “We didn’t go to war”  Wilson barely won The Election of 1916

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Road to War The Road to War –A War “for Democracy”  Zimmerman Telegram: The Triggering Event  Read p. 778, A War for Democracy Now! (meow)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Road to War The Road to War –A War for Democracy  Zimmerman Telegram  Wilson Declares War  April 6, 1917 Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint”  Stalemate  The trench doesn’t move

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Wilfred Owen on Nationalism

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –Entering the War  Naval Intervention: U.S. slows Germans at Sea  But it was not enough  Britain and France were drained from trench war  Russia had withdrawn and…  1917=Bolshevik Revolution!!!=Lenin signed Treaty  =Germans on eastern front came to trench  American ground forces needed

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The American Expeditionary Force Expeditionary Force  U.S. was unprepared  Selective Service Act  3 Million drafted  2 Million more enlisted WWI Recruiting Poster by James Montgomery Flagg (NARA)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The American Expeditionary Force Expeditionary Force  1 st Extended, Overseas  1/10 th got VD (time off)  Women enlisted (to help)  250,000 blacks  IQ Test developed American armored cars in France (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The Military Struggle  General John Pershing  U.S Finally Arrives in 1818; 8 months to surrender  11/11/18  Study map –P.782 America in World War I: The Western Front, 1918.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The Military Struggle  General John Pershing  Château-Thierry –Defense of German offensive Life in the Trenches (NARA)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The Military Struggle  General John Pershing  Château-Thierry  Meuse-Argonne Offensive Life in the Trenches (NARA)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The New Technology of Warfare  Machine Guns and Artillery WWI soldiers using a machine gun

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The New Technology of Warfare  Machine Guns and Artillery  Mustard Gas

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The New Technology of Warfare  Machine Guns and Artillery  Mustard Gas  Advanced Supply Lines

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The New Technology of Warfare  Machine Guns and Artillery  Mustard Gas  Advanced Supply Lines  The Navy

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War “War Without Stint” “War Without Stint” –The New Technology of Warfare  Machine Guns and Artillery  Mustard Gas  Advanced Supply Lines  The Navy  High Casualty Rates

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The War and American Society The War and American Society –Organizing the Economy for War for War  Unprecedented gov. involvement  $32 Billion=bonds & taxes  War boards developed Liberty Loan Poster (NARA)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The War and American Society The War and American Society –Organizing the Economy for War  War Industries Board  Bernard Baruch  Not gov. regulation  But war profiteering  Mixed effort Selling Liberty Bonds (NARA)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The War and American Society The War and American Society –Labor and the War  National War Labor Board =many labor concessions  But agreement to forego stikes  Labor militancy in the West: Ludlow Mine Massacre  39 people; 11 children killed  Labor/management conflict continues in the mines

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The War and American Society The War and American Society –Economic and Social Results of the War  Economic Boom=w1924 Euro demands for goods

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The War and American Society The War and American Society –Economic and Social Results of the War  Economic Boom  “Great Migration” African-American Migration,

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The War and American Society The War and American Society –Economic and Social Results of the War  Economic Boom  “Great Migration”: Blacks move north to cities  Conflicts occur in neighborhoods; race riots result

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The War and American Society The War and American Society –Economic and Social Results of the War  Economic Boom  “Great Migration”  Race Riots  Jobs for Women Women Industrial Workers (NARA)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for Social Unity The Search for Social Unity –Hope for unity results in repression, conflict –The Peace Movement:  Germans, English, Irish, religious pacifists, intellectuals, Socialists, IWW rejected war as a battle between capitalist nations for “cargo”  But the women’s movement was most active

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for Social Unity The Search for Social Unity –The Peace Movement  Women’s Peace Party  Maternal Opposition to War

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for Social Unity The Search for Social Unity –Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent  Once in, patriotism flourished  Most were behind the effort  War bonds; revivalism, too  But gov. worried of dissenters  CPI=controlled press, info A Warning (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for Social Unity The Search for Social Unity –Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent  CPI turned to propaganda  Espionage Act, 1917  Like Homeland Security Act  Sedition broadly defined A Warning (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for Social Unity The Search for Social Unity –Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent  CPI  Espionage Act  Sedition Act A Warning (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for Social Unity The Search for Social Unity –Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent  CPI  Espionage Act  Sedition Act/Sabotage Act  Repressing Dissent A Warning (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for Social Unity The Search for Social Unity –Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent  CPI  Espionage Act  Sedition Act  Repressing Dissent A Warning (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –The Fourteen Points  Wilson’s Idealistic Vision Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The 14 Points: 3 Categories 1. 8 Adjusted boundaries in East. Europe 1. 8 Adjusted boundaries in East. Europe –Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires 2. 5 Principles 2. 5 Principles  Freedom of seas  Open covenants instead of secret treaties  Reductions in armaments  Free trade  Impartial mediation of colonial claims 3. 1 Proposal for the League of Nations 3. 1 Proposal for the League of Nations

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –The Fourteen Points  Wilson’s Idealistic Vision –Flaws: no method for self-determination of peoples –No mention of economic rivalries that produced WWI –But, many in Europe and U.S. were enchanted –Progressive ideal: Peace through decency was possible  Lenin’s Challenge –U.S.S.R. a player now; sought to guide new world order

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –Early Obstacles  Allied Intransigence –Allies miffed at Wilson’s tone, distance as “associate” –Britain and France not into a generous peace with Germany  Domestic Resistance –Midterm elections went to R Party; economy on their minds –Didn’t politics effectively; went solo on his plan

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –The Paris Peace Conference  War-weary Europe received Wilson as savior  But Wilson’s idealism clashed with revenge motive  Big 4: Wilson, George, Clemenceau, & Orlando  All were nervous about instability in East. Europe  (Wilson actually sent troops to help White Russians, who were counterrevolutionaries v. Lenin)  Wilson (U.S.) refused to recognize Bolshevik government until 1933!

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –The Paris Peace Conference  Wilson’s Retreat: almost all of his 14 points ran into serious objection from the other 3  The biggest issue was reparations: $56 Billion (!) was asked of Germany. Eventually, $9 Billion paid  The idea was to keep Germany crippled; no threat

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –The Paris Peace Conference  League of Nations: Wilson’s Big Success –Wilson thought it could solve peace conference’s problems –Regular assembly of 9: 5 permanent members  U.S., Brits, France, Italy and Japan  4 rotated  Big Problem: No enforcement

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –The Ratification Battle  Anti-Internationalists at home wanted changes  Wilson began rejecting all compromise  Lodge and Republicans hated Wilson  But public favored ratification “I have found that you get nothing in this world that is worthwhile without fighting for it.” Woodrow Wilson

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War The Search for A New World Order The Search for A New World Order –Wilson’s Ordeal  Ill-Fated Speaking Tour –Direct appeal to public  Wilson suffers stroke  Is debilitated for  Treaty of Versailles… –Rejected! Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil  New Social Environment  Progressivism dead Union Membership,

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –Industry and Labor  Postwar Boom, but inflation, too  , inflation killed demand of goods  Postwar Recession: GNP declined 10%  Unemployment rose: labor concessions reversed  1919: year of strikes: General strike in Seattle

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –Industry and Labor  Boston Police Strike; violence erupts  Coolidge calls in National Guard  Sept. 1919=350,000 steelworkers strike in a series of cities (largest strike in American history)  18 strikers killed in Gary, Indiana  Steel plants used scabs; U.S. down on unions

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Demands of African Americans African Americans  New Black Attitudes  400,000 returned as Heroes True Sons of Freedom (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Demands of African Americans African Americans  White attitudes not changed  But black attitudes were changed True Sons of Freedom (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Demands of African Americans  New Black Attitudes: new expectations as veterans  Lynchings in the South increased  Chicago Race Riots; black swimmer stoned to death  This time, blacks fought back, something new  Marcus Garvey’s Black Nationalism: encouragement to be proud, learn African heritage, organize politically, start new businesses  Garvey deported after business fraud indictments

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Red Scare  Middle America afraid of anarchy, domestic violence  Communism became the target  1917 Russian Revolution; Marxist internationalism  Many imagined communists and a few real ones  Some terrorist bombings  Americans organized against radicalism  These conditions produce the 1 st Red Scare

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Red Scare  Now, any protest became “communist radicalism” or anarchism  New peacetime sedition laws were passed  Opposition to the war became a crime  Mobs terrorized suspected radicals  Libraries and intellectuals were attacked, dismissed

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Red Scare  Palmer Raids: Att. Gen. Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover conducted raids on alleged radical centers  Goal: capture weapons and explosives  Reality: 3 pistols were found  Sacco and Vanzetti case: 2 Italian immigrants and confessed anarchists convicted by kangaroo court  A few years later, they were both executed, though the public had been convinced of their innocence

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Retreat from Idealism  Nineteenth Amendment Suffragette Banner (Library of Congress)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War A Society in Turmoil A Society in Turmoil –The Retreat from Idealism  Nineteenth Amendment –Progressives hoped women would support them –Maternity/Infancy Act was passed –Cable Act of 1922 (independent citizenship/child labor)  Instability = Disillusionment over Progressive Reforms and a Return to “Normalcy” –Republican (Conservative, Non-Progressive) Warren G. Harding is elected President in 1920

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Interior of Billy Sunday Tabernacle, 1910 (Library of Congress) Patterns of Popular Culture: pp. 626,627 Patterns of Popular Culture: pp. 626,627 Billy Sunday and Modern Revivalism Chapter Twenty-Three: America and the Great War