ARGUMENTATIVE PRESENTATION

 Goal: Present an argument based on your essay  Audience: Your Classmates  Time: 3-4 Minutes Per Person  Do not just read your essay  Can be less formal  Engage the audience  Present the information in an interesting way  Must have PPT- 5 slides not including intro  Slides should have dot points only  Graphs, images, statistics that support argument LOGISTICS

IMPORTANT TECHNIQUES  Method of Delivery  Body Language  Eye Contact  Voice Quality  Presentation of the Presentation  Content  Signposting  References / Bibliography

METHOD OF DELIVERY X Bad: Reading out your speech word for word. ✓ Good: Memorising the speech. ✓ Good: Using prompts / flash cards to help remember. ✓ Good: Talking through a PowerPoint slide by slide.

BODY LANGUAGE X Bad: Closed body posture. X Bad: Fidgeting with your paper. X Bad: Looking at the floor. X Bad: Standing with furniture blocking the audience’s view of you. X Bad: Not connecting with the audience. ✓ Good: Open body posture. ✓ Good: Connecting with the audience. ✓ Good: Being lively, keeping the audience’s attention.

EYE CONTACT X Bad: Making no eye contact and staring at the floor. X ? Okay: Making some eye contact but then staring at the floor again. ✓ Good: Maintaining a good level of eye contact, engaging with the audience.

VOICE QUALITY X Bad: Mumbling, speaking to your flash cards / essay / floor. ✓ Good: Speaking loudly and clearly so the audience can hear you. ✓✓✓✓✓ Amazing: Having a voice like Barack Obama.

PRESENTATION OF THE PRESENTATION  Slide quality. You should use clear slides which are well presented. Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea. Traditionally, two species are recognised, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), although some evidence suggests that African bush elephants and African forest elephants are separate species (L. africana and L. cyclotis respectively). Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. They are the only surviving proboscideans; extinct species include mammoths and mastodons. The largest living terrestrial animals, male African elephants can reach a height of 4 m (13 ft) and weigh 7,000 kg (15,000 lb). These animals have several distinctive features, including a long proboscis or trunk used for many purposes, particularly for grasping objects. Their incisors grow into tusks, which serve as tools for moving objects and digging and as weapons for fighting. The elephant's large ear flaps help to control the temperature of its body. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs. Elephants are herbivorous and can be found in different habitats including savannahs, forests, deserts and marshes. They prefer to stay near water. They are considered to be keystone species due to their impact on their environments. Other animals tend to keep their distance, and predators such as lions, tigers, hyenas and wild dogs usually target only the young elephants (or "calves"). Females (or "cows") tend to live in family groups, which can consist of one female with her calves or several related females with offspring. The latter are led by the oldest cow, known as the matriarch. Elephants have a fission-fusion society in which multiple family groups come together to socialise. Males (or "bulls") leave their family groups when they reach puberty, and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate and enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musth, which helps them gain dominance and reproductive success. Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. They communicate by touch, sight, and sound; elephants use infrasound, and seismic communication over long distances. Elephant intelligence has been compared with that of primates and cetaceans. They appear to have self-awareness and show empathy for dying or dead individuals of their kind. African elephants are listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), while the Asian elephant is classed as endangered. One of the biggest threats to elephant populations is the ivory trade, as the animals are poached for their ivory tusks. Other threats to wild elephants include habitat destruction and conflicts with local people. Elephants are used as working animals in Asia. In the past they were used in war; today, they are often put on display in zoos and circuses. Elephants are highly recognisable and have been featured in art, folklore, religion, literature and popular culture. X

CONTENT  Introduction  Introduce yourself, state your aims and objectives.  Body  Cover all the main points succinctly. Keep the presentation factual and interesting.  Conclusion  summarize main themes,  Thank your audience!

SIGNPOSTING Try to include signposting to give your presentation a good “flow”. Some examples : -  Introductions I’d like to start by …  Finishing one subject … We’ve looked at …  … Starting anotherNow we’ll move on to …  AnalysingWhere does that lead us?  ExamplesTo illustrate this point …

SIGNPOSTING CONTINUED  Dealing w/ QuestionsI won’t comment on this yet  Summarising I’d like to recap  Ordering First … Second … Third …. Last To start … Next … Then … Finally  The purpose of signposting is to make your speech more clear and easy to understand and make your language sound more natural.

REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY  Give your sources at the end and within the slides.(Joel, 2013)  References are the sources you actually used.  The Bibliography can cover everything you read, even if you didn’t use it, and other suggested reading. Example: Russell, B. (1945). A History of Western Philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

SECRET INGREDIENT: CHARISMA Cha-ris-ma - noun - From the Greek “Kharis” meaning grace or favour. Personal quality that gives an individual influence and authority over a large number of people. ✓ Be entertaining, keep the audience engaged. ✓ Smile, be friendly, dress well. ✓ Be confident, fake it until you make it! ✓ Appeal to your audience with character, emotion & reason ✓ Good luck!

TEN SUCCESSFUL TIPS CONTROL THE “BUTTERFLIES” 1.Know the room- become familiar with the place of presentation 2.Know the audience- greet or chat with the audience before hand. It’s easier to speak to friends than to strangers 3.Know your material - increased nervousness is due to un- preparedness 4.Relaxation- relax entire body by stretching and breathing so as to ease the tension 5.Visualize giving your speech - Visualize yourself giving your speech from start to finish. By visualizing yourself successful, you will be successful

TEN SUCCESSFUL TIPS CONTROL THE “BUTTERFLIES” 6.People want you to succeed-the audience is there to see you succeed, not to fail 7.Don’t apologize-by mentioning your nervousness or apologizing, you’ll only be calling the audience’s attention to mistakes 8.Concentrate on your message-not the medium. Focus on the message you are trying to convey and not on your anxieties 9.Turn nervousness into positive energy-nervousness increases adrenaline, transform it into vitality and enthusiasm 10.Gain experience-experience builds confidence, which is key to effective public speaking

 Perfect Practice make Perfect.  Get the timing right! 3-4minutes DON’T FORGET TO PRACTICE

PRACTICE TAKES YOU FROM THIS..

TO THIS!