Mark K. Huntington, MD PhD FAAFP Sioux Falls Family Medicine Residency and University of South Dakota

2 Activity Disclaimer ACTIVITY DISCLAIMER It is the policy of the AAFP that all individuals in a position to control content disclose any relationships with commercial interests upon nomination/invitation of participation. Disclosure documents are reviewed for potential conflicts of interest (COI), and if identified, conflicts are resolved prior to confirmation of participation. Only those participants who had no conflict of interest or who agreed to an identified resolution process prior to their participation were involved in this CME activity. Dr. Huntington has indicated he has no relevant financial relationships to disclose.

3 Additional Disclaimer This lecture was amply illustrated with breathtaking images – those that were selected because of their ability to make even a calloused trauma surgeon squirm! Alas, collected from myriad sources over more than a quarter of a century of teaching parasitology, copyright attribution and permission could not be established and obtained. While the Fair Use clause of the US Copyright Law permits a teacher to use small portions of a work to illustrate a point in a lecture, their reproduction in this database is generally considered to be outside the limits of the Fair Use intent. That is certainly the AAFP’s position. Images have been pixilated to comply. “The 1961 Report of the Register of Copyrights on the General Revision of the U.S. Copyright Law cites examples of activities that courts have regarded as fair use: “quotation of excerpts in a review or criticism for purposes of illustration or comment; quotation of short passages in a scholarly or technical work, for illustration or clarification of the author’s observations; use in a parody of some of the content of the work parodied; summary of an address or article, with brief quotations, in a news report; reproduction by a library of a portion of a work to replace part of a damaged copy; reproduction by a teacher or student of a small part of a work to illustrate a lesson; reproduction of a work in legislative or judicial proceedings or reports; incidental and fortuitous reproduction, in a newsreel or broadcast, of a work located in the scene of an event being reported.” (emphasis added)

Global Context Documented since 2700 BC Asia to Africa then Europe Comes to Americas in 1500s Tropical and temperate! First seen in million cases annually 1-2 million deaths annually “Nearly eradicated” 1940s, 1980s, etc.

Cases ►35 year old kayaker returns from Amazon adventure with fever (103  ), headache, and malaise. ►10 year old Rwandan girl treated at health outpost for fever (103  ) and altered mentaton develops renal failure.

Clinical Picture Cyclic fever

Schizogony

Clinical picture Cyclic fever Anemia Cerebral malaria

Clinical picture Cyclic fever Anemia Cerebral malaria Renal complications

Clinical picture Cyclic fever Anemia Cerebral malaria Renal complications

Clinical picture ►Cyclic fever ►Anemia ►Cerebral malaria ►Renal complications ►Pulmonary edema

Clinical picture ►Cyclic fever ►Anemia ►Cerebral malaria ►Renal complications ►Pulmonary edema ►Diarrhea ►Splenic rupture

Clinical picture ►Cyclic fever ►Anemia ►Cerebral malaria ►Renal complications ►Pulmonary edema ►Diarrhea ►Splenic rupture ►Jaundice

Clinical picture Cyclic fever Anemia Cerebral malaria Renal complications Pulmonary edema Diarrhea Splenic rupture Jaundice Hypoglycemia

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis ►Diagnostic strategies –Clinically? –Antigen testing –DNA testing ►Microscopy –trophozoites –gametes Am J Trop. Med Hyg. 2012;86:192

Treatment Chloroquine* – standard; resistance Mefloquine* – new black box warning Malarone* – $$$, daily Fancidar – P. falciparum only Quinine/quinidine – in Africa Coartem – Chinese herb Doxycycline* – photosensitizing Primaquine – hypnozoites *also used in chemoprophylaxis

Intra-cellular Targets J. Clin. Invest. 118(4): (2008);

Stages targeted

Treatment Chloroquine – standard; resistance Mefloquine* – new black box warning Malarone – $$$ Fancidar – P. falciparum only Quinine/quinidine – in Africa Coartem – Chinese herb Doxycycline – photosensitizing Primaquine – hypnozoites

Hypnozoites

Transmission Via Anopheles bite –Based on bite frequency & infection intensity. Blood-borne Congenital

Transmission

The Big Picture

Summary

Control & prevention A – Awareness B – Bed nets/ Barriers C – Chemoprophylaxis D – rapid Diagnosis

Only pre-erythrocyte stage-based (RTS,S) reduce morbidity Use multiple-episodes to assess In vitro or animal studies ≠ field efficacy Malaria Journal 2012, 11:11 doi: / Vaccination? >40 projects reached clinical stage

Issued: Thursday 24 July 2014, London UK GSK announced today that it has submitted a regulatory application to the European Medicines Agency for its malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S The submission will follow the Article 58 procedure, which allows the EMA to assess the quality, safety and efficacy of a candidate vaccine, or medicine, manufactured in a European Union (EU) member state, for a disease recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO) as of major public health interest, but intended exclusively for use outside the EU. RTS,S is intended exclusively for use against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite, which is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Around 90 per cent of estimated deaths from malaria occur in SSA, and 77 per cent of these are in children under the age of 5. 30

Interaction with other parasites –Ascaris seems protective against malaria and its severe manifestations –Hookworms increase incidence About those de-worming campaigns… Gee-whiz material

Questions & discussion Disclaimer: The images utilized in this presentation were retrieved via Google search and wantonly plagiarized incorporated under the Fair Use clause of US Copyright Law.